Download - Hart Welfare Society

A Lecture on
Congenital Heart Defects
Arranged by
HART Welfare Society
Presented by
H/Dr.Muhammad Abid Khan
on 15/02/2009
HUMAN HEART
Location of
Heart
in Human
Body.
EXTERIOR VIEW OF HEART
INTERIOR VIEW OF HEART
CROSS SECTION OF HEART
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
• Pulmonary
Circulation
• Systemic
Circulation
• Fetal
Circulation
FETAL CIRCULATION
• Ductus Arteriosus
• Foramen Ovale
• Ductus Venosus
HEART DEFECTS
•Congenital Heart Defect (CHD)
•Other Defects
CONGENITAL HEART
DEFECTS
Congenital Heart Defect (CHD)
is a defect in the structure of
the heart and great vessels
of a newborn.
CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
1 Patent ductus arteriosus
2 Hypoplasia
3 Obstruction defects
4 Septal defects
5 Cyanotic defects
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
The ductus arteriosus is a temporary
pathway in the fetal heart between the
pulmonary artery and aorta, which allows
blood to bypass the fetus's
nonfunctioning lungs until birth.
Normally, the ductus closes within a few
hours or days of birth; when it does not,
the result is patent ductus arteriosus. This
defect is common in premature infants
but rare in full-term infants.
Ligamentum arteriosum
The ligamentum
arteriosum (or arterial
ligament) is a small
ligament attached to the
superior surface of the
pulmonary trunk and the
inferior surface of the aortic
arch. It is a nonfunctional
vestige of the ductus
arteriosus, and is formed
within three weeks of birth
HYPOPLASIA
Hypoplasia is a rare congenital heart defect
in which left side or right side of the heart is
underdeveloped.
•Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Is a condition in which the left side of the
heart is severely underdeveloped.
•Hypoplastic right heart syndrome
is a condition where the right atrium and
right ventricle are underdeveloped.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
OBSTRUCTION DEFECTS
Obstruction defects occur when heart valves,
arteries, or veins are abnormally narrow or
blocked. Common obstruction defects include
pulmonary valve stenosis, aortic valve stenosis,
and coarctation of the aorta, with other types
such as bicuspid aortic valve stenosis and
subaortic stenosis being comparatively rare.
Any narrowing or blockage can cause heart
enlargement or hypertension.
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
Outflow of blood from the right
ventricle of the heart is
obstructed at the level of the
pulmonic valve.
Aortic Valve Stenosis
Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is
a valvular heart disease
caused by the incomplete
opening of the aortic valve
Coarctation of the Aorta
Coarctation of the aorta, or
Aortic coarctation, is the name
given to a congenital condition
whereby the aorta narrows in the
area where the ductus arteriosus
(ligamentum arteriosum after
regression) inserts.
SEPTAL DEFECTS
The septum is the wall that separates
the chambers on the left side of the
heart from those on the right. It
prevents mixing of blood between the
two sides of the heart. Sometimes, a
baby is born with a hole in the septum.
When that occurs, blood can mix
between the two sides of the heart.
SEPTAL DEFECTS
• Atrial septal defect (ASD).
An ASD is a hole in the part of the septum
that separates the atria—the upper chambers
of the heart.
• Ventricular septal defect (VSD).
A VSD is a hole in the part of the
septum that separates the ventricles—
the lower chambers of the heart.
Atrial septal defect (ASD).
Ventricular septal defect (VSD).
CYNOYTIC DEFECTS
Cyanotic heart defects are
called such because they
result in cyanosis, a bluishgrey discoloration of the skin
due to a lack of oxygen in the
body.
Such defects include :
CYNOYTIC DEFECTS
• Persistent truncus arteriosus
• Total anomalous pulmonary
venous connection
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Transposition of the great vessels
• Tricuspid atresia
Persistent truncus arteriosus
In this condition, the
embryological structure known as
the truncu arteriosus never
properly divides into the
pulmonary artery and aorta.
Anatomical changes due to
Persistent truncus arteriosus
• single artery arising from the
two ventricles which gives rise
to both the aortic and pulmonary
vessels
• abnormal truncal valve
• right sided aortic arch in about
30% of cases (not shown)
• large ventricular septal defect
• pulmonary hypertension
• complete mixing occurring at
level of the great vessel
Total anomalous pulmonary
venous connection (TAPVC)
In this condition all four pulmonary
veins are malpositioned and make
anomalous connections to the
systemic venous circulation
Tetralogy of Fallot
This condition involves four
anatomical abnormalities :
•Pulmonary stenosis
•Overriding aorta
•Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
•Right ventricular hypertrophy
Tetralogy of Fallot
A. Pulmonary stenosis
A narrowing of the right
ventricular outflow.
B. Overriding aorta
An aortic valve with
biventricular connection
C. Ventricular septal defect
(VSD)
A hole between the two
bottom chambers
(ventricles) of the heart.
D. Right ventricular hypertrophy
The right ventricle is more
muscular than normal,
causing a characteristic
boot-shaped appearance.
Transposition of the great
vessels
Involving an abnormal special
arrangement of any of the
primary blood vessels: superior
and/or inferior vena cavae
(SVC, IVC), pulmonary artery,
pulmonary veins, and aorta.
TRICUSPID ATRESIA
there is a complete absence of
the tricuspid valve. Therefore,
there is an absence of right
atrioventricular connection.
In such a case ASD and VSD are
compulsory to complete the
blood circulation.
Tricuspid atresia
Thank you very much
The End