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Earthquake Summary Sheet 1. earthquake: the release of tension (energy) built up from the movement of plates along plate boundaries 2. fault: a break along the rocks where earthquakes occur 3. focus: place inside the Earth where the earthquake starts 4. epicenter: place on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus 5. seismograph: instrument used to measure earthquakes a. seismogram: a record of the earthquakes 6. seismic waves: waves created by the earthquake a. types of seismic waves i. primary waves (P waves): 1. first to arrive 2. fastest moving 3. causes materials to move back and forth 4. travels through solids, liquids, and gases ii. secondary waves (S waves): 1. second to arrive 2. moves slower than P waves 3. causes materials to move side to side 4. travels through solids iii. longitudinal waves (L waves): 1. surface waves 2. slowest moving waves 3. cause the surface to rise and fall like ocean waves 4. cause the most damage 5. travels through solids, liquids, and gases 7. Types of faults a. Normal fault: rocks pull apart (divergent boundary) and one side of the fault will slide down the other think of it as “normal” to go down a sliding board b. Reverse fault: rocks collide (convergent boundary) and one side of the fault gets pushed up think of it as the “reverse” of going down a sliding board c. Strike slip fault: rocks are sheared and slide past one another (transform boundary) 8. Richter Scale: a scale to measure the energy released from an earthquake a. the higher the number, the stronger the earthquake 9. tsunami: large wave that can be a result of an earthquake under the ocean floor 10. How to find the epicenter of an earthquake? a. Scientists from at least 3 different seismograph stations record the time it takes for the waves to reach that seismograph. They calculate the radius of where the earthquake could be. The location where the 3 circles meet is the epicenter of an earthquake. 11. Earthquake Safety a. What can you do to make your home earthquake safe? i. Move all heavy object to lower shelves and the floor ii. Make sure all gas, hot-water heater, and appliances are secure iii. Place sensors on your gas line to prevent fire iv. Keep away from windows v. Watch for fallen power lines b. What can you do to make a building earthquake safe? i. Use base isolators (rubber and steel supports) that allow the building to move freely with the vibrations of the earthquake ii. Use bendable water and gas pipes