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Anatomical Terminology Anterior – front of the animal Caudal – towards the tail of an animal Cranial – towards the head of an animal Deep – further from the surface Distal – part of the limb furthest from the body Dorsal – along the back or uppermost surface Frontal plane – body plane that divides the animal into dorsal and ventral parts Anatomy & Physiology TM 1 Lateral – side of an animal Median – body plane that divides the animal into “equal” right and left halves Posterior – rear of the animal Proximal – part of the limb closest to the body Sagittal – any body plane that is parallel to the median plane Superficial – closer to the surface Transverse – body plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts Ventral – along the belly surface Anatomy & Physiology TM 2 Dorsal Cranial Caudal Ventral Proximal Distal Anterior Posterior Anatomy & Physiology TM 3 Median Transverse Sagittal Frontal Deep Superficial Anatomy & Physiology TM 4 Framework of structures, made of bone and cartilage that support and protect the body. Anatomy & Physiology TM 5 INCLUDES: SKULL VERTEBRAE RIBS STERNUM Anatomy & Physiology TM 6 MANY BONES FUSED TOGETHER. THE SOFT SPOT ON THE TOP IS CALLED A FONTANEL Anatomy & Physiology TM 7 CERVICAL – verterbae of neck region - ATLAS – called C1, first cervical vertebra; forms the joint that lets you nod “yes” - AXIS – called C2, second cervical vertebra; forms the joints that lets you nod “no” There are 7 cervical vertebrae in all mammals EVEN GIRAFFES 1. Anatomy & Physiology TM 8 “true ribs’ : directly attach to sternum with cartilage “false ribs” connect to each other with cartilage, not the sternum “floating ribs’ seen in the dog, have cartilage on the tips but do not attach to anything Anatomy & Physiology TM 9 Carnivores tend to have more – probably for greater flexibility Herbivores have short, strong backs to support large digestive and reproductive organs Anatomy & Physiology TM 10 Fused together on ventral side Herbivores tend to have more strength and support to the back Carnivores tend to have less for flexibility Anatomy & Physiology TM 11 Used for balance Become smaller at the end of the tail Anatomy & Physiology TM 12 Forelimb 1. scapula – shoulder blade attached with muscle 2. clavicle – the cat is the only domestic animal with a clavicle 3. humerus – forms upper arm 4. ulna – forms the elbow joint, fused with the radius in herbivores 5. Radius – forms the forearm Anatomy & Physiology TM 13 Anatomy & Physiology TM 14 Anatomy & Physiology TM 15 6. Carpus – called knee in horses; wrist in dogs and humans 7. Metacarpals – commonly called cannon region of forelimb Number depends on: Humans -5 Horses 1 + 2 accessory metacarpal Dogs and cats – 4 plus dewclaw Cattle – 1 that splits at bottom into cloven hoof and 2 dewclaws Pigs – 4 ) 2 toes and 2 dewclaws Anatomy & Physiology TM 16 9. Internediate phalanx P2 10. Distal phalanx – P3 coffin bone in horses 11 proximal sesamoids – tucked in behind P1 12. Delta sesamoid – tucked underneath P3 Navicular bone in horses Anatomy & Physiology TM 17 13. Pelvis Tuber coxae – part of pelvis that forms point of hip Ischiatic tuberosity – pelvis that forms “seat bones” 14. femur 15. patella – stifle in horses, knee in dogs Anatomy & Physiology TM 18 16. Tibia main bone of the gaskin of horse 17. Fibula – fused with tibia and considered vestigal in herbivores 18. Tarsus - hock or human ankle 19. Metatarsal – cannon region in hind limb 20. P1 21. P2 22. P3 23 Proximal and distal sesamoids Anatomy & Physiology TM 19 Axis Skull Vertebrae Cervical Thoracic Sacral Lumbar Coccygeal Atlas Scapula Pelvis Humerus Olecranon Radius Femur Patella Fibula Ribs Tibia Tarsals Carpals Ulna Metatarsals Phalanges Phalanges Sesamoids Metacarpals Anatomy & Physiology TM 20 Short bone – cube shaped, i.e. carpus and tarsus Flat bone – plate of bone, i.e. scapula, rib, skull Irregular bone – complex shaped, i.e. vertebrae Sesamoid – small, seed-shaped bone, i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patella Long bone – bone is longer that it is wide, i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, etc. Anatomy & Physiology TM 21 Anatomy & Physiology TM 22 Diaphysis – body of long bone Epiphysis – enlarged ends of long bones Metaphysis – joining point of diaphysis and epiphysis Periosteum – thin outer protective layer of bone Medullary cavity – space within bone filled with marrow Endosteum – thin outer protective layer lining the medullary cavity Anatomy & Physiology TM 23 Epiphysis Diaphysis Periosteum Metaphysis Bone marrow Medullary cavity Endosteum Anatomy & Physiology TM 24 Anatomy & Physiology TM 25 Simple – bone doesn’t break skin Compound – bone breaks through skin, much more serious than previous Complete – fracture goes completely across the bone Incomplete – fracture does not go completely across the bone Anatomy & Physiology TM 26 Anatomy & Physiology TM 27 Anatomy & Physiology TM 28 FISSURE: incomplete break along the long axis of bone GREENSTICK: incomplete break with one side of a bone, usually due to a bending force TRANSVERSE: break across the bone COMMINUTED: bone shatters in many places Anatomy & Physiology TM 29 Fissured Greenstick Transverse Anatomy & Physiology TM Comminuted 30 Anatomy & Physiology TM 31 Healing Fractures – bones lay down a material called fibrocartilage, which gradually turns to bone in a process called ossification Anatomy & Physiology TM 32 Anatomy & Physiology TM 33 Anatomy The fore limb has two bones between the wrist or carpus and the elbow joint: the radius and ulna bones. The radius is the main weight-supporting bone; the ulna bone supports very little weight. Small breed dogs have a poor blood supply to the lower fourth of the radius bone, therefore it is more susceptible to being fractured; also healing of the fracture can take longer than other bones in the body. Large breed dogs have a much better blood supply to this region, therefore a very substantial force needs to be applied to the bone before a fracture develops. If the radius fractures, the ulna usually fractures too. Anatomy & Physiology TM 34 Muscles are contractile organs responsible for the voluntary and involuntary movements of animals. Skeletal muscle –allows for all voluntary movement, appears to be striated when looked at under a microscope. Cardiac muscle – controls the involuntary beating of the heart, appears striated under a microscope. Smooth muscle – responsible for all other involuntary movement, such as breathing, digestion, peristalsis, blinking, etc. Anatomy & Physiology TM 35 Ambulation – moving from one place to another Abduction – moving away from the median plane Adduction – moving towards the median plane Flexion – moving the distal part of the limb towards the body Extension – moving the distal part of the limb away from the body Anatomy & Physiology TM 36 Muscle Function ALL muscles can do is CONTRACT or RELAX, so they generally work in pairs. For any particular action, they muscles involved can be classified as AGONIST – prime mover of a joint ANTAGONIST – opposes movement of the agonist EX; Arm – AGONIST is the bicep and ANTAGONIST is tricep Elbow - AGONIST is the tricep and ANTAGONIST is bicep Anatomy & Physiology TM 37 Anatomy & Physiology TM 38 Brachiocephalicus Brachiocephalicus Masseter Latissimus Latissimus dorsi dorsi Trapezius Trapezius Gluteals Pectorals Pectorals Deltoid Deltoid Triceps Triceps brachii brachii Intercostal Biceps Biceps Intercostal femoris femoris Anatomy & Physiology TM 39 Anatomy & Physiology TM 40 Muscles Part of the body Pectorals-latissimus dorsi Chest and back Anterior deltoids-posterior deltoids Front and back of the shoulder Trapezius-deltoids Upper back and shoulders Abdominus rectus-spinal erectors Abdomen and lower back Left and right external obliques Left and right side of the abdomen Quadriceps-hamstrings Front and back of the thigh Tibialis anterior-gastrocnemius Shin and calf Biceps-triceps Top and underside of upper arm Extensors-flexors Forearm Anatomy & Physiology TM 41 Anatomy & Physiology TM 42 skeletal cardiac smooth Anatomy & Physiology TM 43 Anatomy & Physiology TM 44 Anatomy & Physiology TM 45 Anatomy & Physiology TM 46 Nasal cavity Pharynx Esophagus Mouth Larynx Epiglottis Tongue Trachea Anatomy & Physiology TM 47 Anatomy & Physiology TM 48 Epiglottis Larynx Alveoli Trachea Cartilage ring Lungs Bronchi Bronchioles Anatomy & Physiology TM 49 Anatomy & Physiology TM 50 Anatomy & Physiology TM 51 Anatomy & Physiology TM 52 Where are they located? Alveoli Bronchi Bronchioles Cartilage rings Epiglottis Larynx Lungs Trachea Purpose of each? Anatomy & Physiology TM 53 Locate on the picture Epiglottis Esophagus Larynx Mouth Nasal cavity Pharynx Tongue Trachea What also goes into the upper respiratory system? Anatomy & Physiology TM 54 Anatomy & Physiology TM 55 Anatomy & Physiology TM 56 Anatomy & Physiology TM 57 Anatomy & Physiology TM 58 Dendrite Cell body (soma) Myelin sheath Axon Synapse Anatomy & Physiology TM 59 Anatomy & Physiology TM 60 Anatomy & Physiology TM 61 Meninges Cerebrum Cerebellum Thalamus Spinal cord Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Brain stem Medulla oblongata Anatomy & Physiology TM 62 Anatomy & Physiology TM 63 Anatomy & Physiology TM 64 Anatomy & Physiology TM 65 Anatomy & Physiology TM 66