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Endocrine organs
Hormon, gr. = to set in motion
Gabriella Smedfors
Department of Neuroscience
Karolinska Institutet
Neuronal vs Hormonal
signalling
Neuronal vs Hormonal
signalling
 Signal substance  Transported in blood
released from one cell directly to the next
 Few target cells
 Multiple target cells
 Effect < ms
 Effect within seconds to days
 Short effect
 Lasting effect
Hormone ≠ Hormone
Lipophilic hormones
Peptide hormones
o Eg. Adrenalin, GH
o Eg. steroid hormones
o Free transport in blood
o Transport in blood
bound to plasma proteins o Extracellular receptors
o Intracellular receptors
Endocrine organs
Feedback system
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH)
Hypophysis
K Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Gl. Thyroidea
Thyroid hormones (T3/T4)
Hypophysis
Hypothalamus
o Regulates the activity of the
pituitary gland via the hypophyseal
portal system
o Controls circadian rhythm,
metabolism, food intake etc.
o Connects emotions and body
Sella turcica
Anterior pituitary / Adenohypofysis
Anterior pituitary / Adenohypofysis
o GH o TSH o PRL o FSH
o LH o ACTH o MSH
o GH = Growth hormone Stress hormone. Stimulates release of growth factors from the liver.
Gigantism & Acromegaly
Anterior pituitary / Adenohypofysis
o GH
o TSH = Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary / Adenohypofysis
Anterior pituitary / Adenohypofysis
o GH
o GH
o TSH
o TSH
o PRL = Prolactin
o PRL
Stimulates milk produktion
o FSH = Follicle-stimulating hormone
Stimulates development of follicles /
initiates and enhances
spermatogenesis
Anterior pituitary / Adenohypofysis
Anterior pituitary / Adenohypofysis
o GH
o GH
o TSH
o TSH
o PRL
o PRL
o FSH
o FSH
o LH
o LH = Luteinizing hormone
Triggers ovulation / production of
testosterone in testis
Anterior pituitary / Adenohypofysis
o
GH
o
TSH
o
PRL
o
FSH
o
LH
o
ACTH
o
MSH= Melanocytestimulating hormone
Release of melanin.
o ACTH = Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Stimulates the adrenal glands to
release cortisol
Posterior pituitary / Neurohypopfysis
o Oxytocin
Milk production & uterine contraction.
“Bonding hormone”.
o ADH = Antidiuretic hormon
Retains water through increased resorption in
the kidneys.
Glandula Thyroidea
Goitre
o T3 & T4 Stimulates metabolism (growth, pulse,
development of the nervous system)
o Calcitonin Lowers Ca-levels in blood eg. through
inhibition of skeletal breakdown.
Hyperthyroidism
Glandula Parathyroidea x4
Anterior view Posterior view
PTH = Parathyroid hormone
Increases absorption of Ca
and Mg from the intestine and
the kidneys.
Pancreas
Pancreas
o
o Insulin
Islets of Langerhans
o
Lowers blood glucose
levels by facilitating an
increased uptake in
muscles and fatty tissue
o Glucagon
Increases blood glucose
levels by release of
glucose from the liver
Glandula Suprarenalis
o Two parts: Cortex and medulla
o 3,5 – 6 g
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal cortex
o Aldosterone
Controls blood pressure through
conversation of sodium in the
kidney.
o Cortisol
Metabolism, immunosupressing,
stress, circadian rhythm.
o Androgens
Sex drive, weak promotor of
masculine physical features.
Adrenal medulla
Ovarium
o Adrenaline & Noradrenaline
4:1
Stress hormones
o Increases pulse and
releases glucose from the
liver which muscles may
use as energy
Ovarium Estrogen and Progesterone
Regulates reproduction cycle and secondary
sex characteristics for women.
Testis
Other organs with endocrine function
o Heart
o Fatty tissue
o Intestine
o Kidneys
o Thymus
Testosterone
Promotes sperm production and secondary sex
characteristics for men.
o Placenta