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How many single
covalent bonds can
this phosphorus
atom form?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
02.01Q
How many single
covalent bonds can
this phosphorus
atom form?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
02.01A
How many single covalent
bonds can this phosphorus
atom form?
Answer: 3
Explanation:
The innermost orbital can hold
2 electrons, but the outer
orbitals can hold 8. Since
phosphorus has 15 electrons,
its innermost orbitals have
2 + 8 electrons, leaving 5 in
the outermost orbital; thus
there is room to share 3 more
electrons.
02.01E
Why is a helium atom (atomic number = 2) more
stable than a hydrogen atom (atomic number = 1)?
1. Two electrons completely fill its outermost electron shell.
2. Eight electrons completely fill its outermost electron shell.
3. The outermost electron shell is half-empty.
4. Helium atoms react readily with oxygen.
5. Hydrogen atoms react to form helium.
02.02Q
Why is a helium atom (atomic number = 2) more
stable than a hydrogen atom (atomic number = 1)?
1. Two electrons completely fill its outermost electron shell.
2. Eight electrons completely fill its outermost electron shell.
3. The outermost electron shell is half-empty.
4. Helium atoms react readily with oxygen.
5. Hydrogen atoms react to form helium.
02.02A
Why is a helium atom (atomic number = 2) more
stable than a hydrogen atom (atomic number = 1)?
Answer:
Two electrons completely fill its outermost
electron shell.
Explanation:
An atom is termed stable if its outermost electron
shell is “full” of electrons. The first shell needs
only two electrons to be full. The rest of the
orbitals require 8 electrons to be full. Helium’s
outermost shell (the first orbital) contains two
electrons which is considered full for that orbital.
02.02E
Indicate which of the figures
at left depict stable atoms.
1. A and B are stable.
2. C and D are stable.
3. A is stable but B is not.
4. D is stable but A, B, and C are not.
5. None of these atoms are stable.
02.03Q
Indicate which of the figures
at left depict stable atoms.
1. A and B are stable.
2. C and D are stable.
3. A is stable but B is not.
4. D is stable but A, B, and C are not.
5. None of these atoms are stable.
02.03A
Indicate which of the figures depict stable
atoms.
Answer:
C and D are stable.
Explanation:
Atoms C and D are ions. They have lost or
gained an electron in order to become stable
(that is, to have 8 electrons in their outer shell).
Atoms A and B do not have 8 electrons in their
outer shell and are therefore unstable.
02.03E
Why are hydrophobic molecules, such as fats and
oils, unable to dissolve in watery solutions?
1. Water cannot interact
with molecules that
have polar covalent
bonds, such as fats
and oils.
2. Water cannot interact
with molecules with
ionic bonds, such as
fats and oils.
3. Water cannot interact with
hydrophobic molecules, such as
fats and oils, because
hydrophobic molecules form
hydrogen bonds with each other,
excluding the water.
4. Water molecules form hydrogen
bonds with each other, excluding
the hydrophobic molecules.
02.04Q
Why are hydrophobic molecules, such as fats and
oils, unable to dissolve in watery solutions?
1. Water cannot interact
with molecules that
have polar covalent
bonds, such as fats
and oils.
2. Water cannot interact
with molecules with
ionic bonds, such as
fats and oils.
3. Water cannot interact with
hydrophobic molecules, such as
fats and oils, because
hydrophobic molecules form
hydrogen bonds with each other,
excluding the water.
4. Water molecules form hydrogen
bonds with each other, excluding
the hydrophobic molecules.
02.04A
Why are hydrophobic molecules, such as fats and
oils, unable to dissolve in watery solutions?
Answer:
Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each
other, excluding the hydrophobic molecules.
Explanation:
Fats and oils do not contain polar covalent bonds,
and water interacts strongly with molecules that have
polar covalent bonds. Additionally, fats and oils do
not contain ionic bonds. Hydrophobic molecules do
not contain polar covalent bonds and, therefore,
cannot form hydrogen bonds. This leaves choice four
as the only correct answer.
02.04E
A solution of pH 7 has ________ times _________
H+ ions than a solution of pH 9.
1.
100; fewer
2.
100; more
3.
2; fewer
4.
2; more
02.05Q
A solution of pH 7 has ________ times _________
H+ ions than a solution of pH 9.
1.
100; fewer
2.
100; more
3.
2; fewer
4.
2; more
02.05A
A solution of pH 7 has ________ times _________
H+ ions than a solution of pH 9.
Answer:
100; more
Explanation:
A solution of lower pH has more H+ ions; each
unit on the pH scale represents a tenfold
change in H+ concentration.
02.05E
The reaction shown below is an example of
1. hydrolysis.
3. synthesis of DNA.
2. dehydration synthesis
of a disaccharide.
4. breakdown of a fat
molecule.
02.06Q
The reaction shown below is an example of
1. hydrolysis.
3. synthesis of DNA.
2. dehydration synthesis
of a disaccharide.
4. breakdown of a fat
molecule.
02.06A
The reaction shown below is an example of
Answer:
dehydration synthesis of a disaccharide.
Explanation:
This picture shows a larger molecule being
produced from two smaller molecules. This
allows you to cross out choices 1 and 4 as
possible answers. By taking a closer look at
the picture, you see that the molecule being
produced is a sugar with two rings (a
disaccharide).
02.06E
Glucose is to starch as _______ is to _______.
1. oil; fat
2. chitin; lipids
3. RNA; DNA
4. amino acid; protein
5. hydrolysis; condensation
02.07Q
Glucose is to starch as _______ is to _______.
1. oil; fat
2. chitin; lipids
3. RNA; DNA
4. amino acid; protein
5. hydrolysis; condensation
02.07A
Glucose is to starch as _______ is to _______.
Answer:
amino acid; protein
Explanation:
Monosaccharides of glucose are joined together
to form a large polysaccharide such as starch.
Subunits known as amino acids are joined
together to form a large polymer known as a
protein. None of the other answers have the
monomer; polymer connection.
02.07E
The fat substitute Olestra contains a sucrose
backbone with six to eight fatty acids attached.
How is this different from a naturally occurring fat?
1. Naturally occurring fats
contain a glycerol and
three fatty acids.
3. Naturally occurring fats
contain a sucrose backbone
and three fatty acid chains.
2. Naturally occurring fats
contain a glycerol, two
fatty acids, and a
phosphate group.
4. Olestra and natural fats
have the same structure;
they just have different
tastes.
02.08Q
The fat substitute Olestra contains a sucrose
backbone with six to eight fatty acids attached.
How is this different from a naturally occurring fat?
1. Naturally occurring fats
contain a glycerol and
three fatty acids.
3. Naturally occurring fats
contain a sucrose backbone
and three fatty acid chains.
2. Naturally occurring fats
contain a glycerol, two
fatty acids, and a
phosphate group.
4. Olestra and natural fats
have the same structure;
they just have different
tastes.
02.08A
The fat substitute Olestra contains a sucrose
backbone with six to eight fatty acids attached.
How is this different from a naturally occurring fat?
Answer:
Naturally occurring fats contain a glycerol and
three fatty acids.
Explanation:
This question tested
your knowledge of
the structure of a fat
molecule. Refer to
the picture at right,
which also appears in
your book.
02.08E
The diagram at
right illustrates
1. the formation of a
polysaccharide.
2. the four levels of
protein structure.
3. the breakdown of a
nucleic acid.
4. the synthesis of a
saturated fat.
02.09Q
The diagram at
right illustrates
1. the formation of a
polysaccharide.
2. the four levels of
protein structure.
3. the breakdown of a
nucleic acid.
4. the synthesis of a
saturated fat.
02.09A
The diagram at
right illustrates
Answer:
the four levels of protein structure.
Explanation:
A chain of amino acids must fold into the
correct structure in order to function as a given
protein. Fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic
acids are not subject to such specific levels of
folding, organization, and structure.
02.09E
The molecule at right could be
1. RNA
2. Starch
3. Phospholipid
4. DNA
5. All of the above
6. Both 1 & 4
7. Both 2 & 3
02.10Q
The molecule at right could be
1. RNA
2. Starch
3. Phospholipid
4. DNA
5. All of the above
6. Both 1 & 4
7. Both 2 & 3
02.10A
The molecule at right could be
Answer:
Both 1 & 4
Explanation:
The nucleotide building blocks of nucleic
acids consist of a sugar, a phosphate group,
and a nitrogen-containing base. Given this
information, you can narrow down the answer
choices to only nucleic acids, including DNA
and RNA. Since the picture doesn’t specify
the type of 5-carbon sugar, you would
determine that it could be either DNA or RNA.
02.10E