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Transcript
# _________ Handout Name __________________ 6___ Class#:___ UDC7L4 – Mountains and Soil D44-D53, UDC8L5 Erosion and Deposition D56-D65 Objectives: Explore what produces mountains Identify the forces that make and shape landforms Compare and contrast kinds of weathering Explain how soil is produced and transported Explore why sediment moves downhill Explain how erosion and deposition work with gravity and wind Describe how running water changes the land Describe how glaciers change the land Mountain Formation 1) Fold Mountains: Fold mountains: Formed when _____________________________________________ o At _______________________________ o e.g. Himalayas, Andes 2) Fault-Block Mountains: ________________________________________________________ o At _______________________________ Soil Formation o When rocks, animal life, plant life, air, water, and chemicals interact o A very SLOW process, takes ______________________________ 1) Breaking up of rock Weathering: ___________________________________________________________________ o _____________________ weathering Step 1: Example: water and gas in the air combine to form a weak acid that eats away at rock o _____________________ weathering Example: water and gas in the air combine to form a weak acid that eats away at rock 2) Continued weathering: thin soil layer a. Small stones/fragments + moss sand, silt, clay Step 2: b. As the moss and plants die, they add to the soil c. Insects, worms, ____________, ____________ start to live among the rock particles and plant roots d. Grass begins to grow Weeks 13-14: Making Mountains and Soil, Erosion and Deposition 1 of 4 e. As animals and plants die, they form humus: ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ f. ________________________ burrow in the soil which mixes the humus around 3) Weathering continues: organic matter builds Step 3: a. The humus-rich soil can support a greater variety of plant life b. Soil becomes richer and richer. Layers of Soil: 1) Topsoil (Horizon A)—only 30cm deep o Dark-colored soil o Rich in o Includes organic litter, such as 2) Subsoil (Horizon B) o Has some of the same (filtered down with as topsoil ) 3) Soil parent material (Horizon C) o rock o Just beginning to change into 4) Bedrock How Soil is Related to Groundwater: 1) Groundwater: Formation: a. Precipitation falls to the Earth b. Some of this sinks into the ground through the soil (seeps) c. It keeps sinking and then ____________________________________________ d. Travels all the way down to a layer of rock that it can’t pass through o This layer is considered _____________________________ ( ) 2) Aquifer: ______________________________________________________________________ o People can get drinking water by drilling wells into an aquifer (rock) o Because water collects in an aquifer, we can infer two things: the bottom of these wells must be below the__________________________________ there must be a layer of Weeks 13-14: Making Mountains and Soil, Erosion and Deposition rock under the well 2 of 4 3) Water table: ___________________________________ o Sometimes visible at the surface - 4) Caverns (_______________) o When groundwater seeps through limestone it dissolves calcium and other minerals in the limestone o This process can carve HUGE caverns o Usually at or below the water table In the end, most rivers and some groundwater will empty in the ocean. o Brings sediments o Sea animals use this sediment to form shells or form bones o Other sediment forms minerals on the ocean floor that humans can use The Earth’s surface changes because of gravity, wind, water, and ice. Erosion and Deposition by Gravity o Erosion: Mass Wasting: ______________________________________ Depends on steepness of a hill (steeper = _________ mass wasting) o Deposition:__________________________________________ Sediment: ___________________________________ Erosion and Deposition by Wind o Deposition Wind can pick up particles and drop them off Depends on speed of the wind (faster = _________ particles that can be carried) o Weathering Wind blows sediment against rocks _________________________________ Weeks 13-14: Making Mountains and Soil, Erosion and Deposition 3 of 4 Erosion and Deposition by Water o Deposition Faster flowing water carries __________ particles When water slows down, _________________________________ o Weathering Fast-moving particles can ___________________________________________________ Characteristics of Streams and Rivers Faster Flow Slower Flow Erosion and Deposition by Ice Glaciers: ______________________________________ Formed by build-up of snow over years thick ice Can move slowly over land o Erosion Drags ___________ and ___________ with it Scrapes and digs away sides of a valley Over time, V-shaped valleys U-shaped o Deposition When glaciers melt: __________________________________________________________ Till: ____________________________________________________________ Moraine: Composed of _________ Sediment collects of glaciers Are mounds and ridges left behind when the glacier melts Weeks 13-14: Making Mountains and Soil, Erosion and Deposition 4 of 4