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Physics 8
Physics 8 Example Items are a representative set of items
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Second Semester
2016–2017
Code #: 3181
STAAR
STAAR PHYSICS
RefeRenCe MATeRIAlS
TM
State of Texas
Assessments of
Academic Readiness
fORCe AnD MOTIOn
Average velocity =
displacement
v
change in time
avg
final velocity − initial velocity
Acceleration =
2
Acceleration =
2
(final velocity) − (initial velocity)
Displacement =
a =
2(displace ment)
(
initial
velocity
)(
Centripetal acceleration =
)
(
change
change
1
+ (acceleration)
in time
in time
2
(tangential velocity)
v f − vi
a =
change in time
)
2
∆t
v f2 − vi2
2∆d
∆d = vi∆t + 1 a∆t 2
2
2
ac =
radius
Net force = (mass)(acceleration)
v t2
r
Fnet = ma
Work = (force)(distance)
W = Fd
τ
Torque = (force)(lever arm)
Power =
= ∆d
∆t
work
time
= Fr
P =
W
t
a2 + b2 = c 2
Pythagorean theorem
GRAVITATIOnAl, eleCTRICAl, AnD MAGneTIC fORCeS
Force of gravitational
attraction between =
2 objects
Force between
=
2 charged
particles
(
(
universal
gravitation
constant
Coulomb’s
constant
(
) (
)( (
(
mass of
1st object
mass of
2nd object
)
distance between
centers of objects
charge of
1st particle
)(
charge of
2nd particle
)
(distance between particles)
Electrical power = (voltage)(current)
Current =
)(
voltage
resistance
Equivalent resistance for resistors in series
Equivalent resistance for resistors in parallel
2
)
2
)
)
Fg = G
( )
Felectric = kC
m1m2
d2
( )
q1q2
d2
P = VI
I =
V
R
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . .
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ . . .
R
R1
R2
R3
STAAR PHYSICS
RefeRenCe MATeRIAlS
eneRGY AnD MOMenTUM
Kinetic energy =
1
2
(mass)(velocity)
2
KE = 1 mv 2
2
(
)(
Gravitational potential energy = (mass)
Elastic potential energy =
(
1 spring
2 constant
)
acceleration
(height)
due to gravity
distance stretched
or compressed
)
PEg = mgh
2
PEelastic = 1 kx 2
2
Energy = (power)(time)
E = Pt
Work = change in kinetic energy
W = ∆KE
Mechanical energy = kinetic energy + potential energy
ME = KE + PE
Law of conservation of energy
KEi + PEi = KE f + PE f
Momentum = (mass)(velocity)
p = mv
Impulse = (force)(change in time) = (mass)(change in velocity)
Law of conservation of momentum
J = F ∆t = m∆v
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1 + m2v2
i
(
specific
Heat gained or lost = (mass)
heat
)(
change in
temperature
)
i
f
f
Q = mcp∆T
WAVeS AnD lIGHT
Velocity = (frequency)(wavelength)
1
Focal length
Energy
=
1
distance to image
= (mass)(speed of light)2
+
v = fλ
1
1
distance to object
f
=
1
di
+
1
do
E = mc 2
STAAR PHYSICS
RefeRenCe MATeRIAlS
COnSTAnTS AnD COnVeRSIOnS
m
s
8
c = speed of light = 3.00 × 10
m
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8
s
G = universal gravitation constant = 6.67 × 10
k
c
= Coulomb’s constant = 8.99 × 10 9
m = mass of Earth = 5.97 × 10
24
E
6
newton (N) =
kg ⋅ m
s
2
joule (J) = N ⋅ m
watt (W) =
J
N⋅m
=
s
s
hertz (Hz) =
cycle
s
−11
C
kg
N⋅m
kg
N⋅m
r = radius of Earth = 6.37 × 10 m
E
2
2
2
2
2
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
(262)
(267)
Actinide Series
Lanthanide Series
60
140.908
Cerium
90
89
144.242
(145)
61
Pm
Hassium
(270)
Hs
108
190.23
Osmium
Os
76
Ruthenium
101.07
44
Ru
Iron
55.845
Fe
26
8
Silicon
28.086
Si
14
Pa
231.036
Protactinium
Th
232.038
Thorium
Ac
(227)
Actinium
91
U
Uranium
238.029
92
Np
Neptunium
(237)
93
Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium
140.116
138.905
Nd
59
Lanthanum
La
Pr
58
Bohrium
(271)
Seaborgium
(272)
Bh
(268)
Sg
107
Rhenium
186.207
Re
75
Dubnium
Db
106
183.84
Tungsten
180.948
Tantalum
74
W
105
(98)
43
Tc
Manganese
54.938
Mn
25
7
7B
Molybdenum Technetium
95.96
42
Mo
Chromium
51.996
Cr
24
6
6B
Ta
73
Niobium
92.906
41
Nb
Vanadium
50.942
V
23
5
5B
Atomic mass
Symbol
Atomic number
Ce
57
Lawrencium Rutherfordium
(226)
Radium
Fr
Rf
104
103
(223)
88
87
Hafnium
178.49
Hf
Lutetium
174.967
Francium
Barium
Cesium
Lr
137.328
132.905
Lu
72
71
Ra
Ba
Cs
56
55
Zirconium
91.224
40
Zr
Yttrium
88.906
87.62
Strontium
85.468
Rubidium
Y
39
Sr
38
Rb
37
47.867
Titanium
44.956
Scandium
40.078
Calcium
39.098
Potassium
22
Ti
21
4
4B
Sc
20
19
3
3B
Ca
Magnesium
Sodium
K
Mg
24.305
Na
12
11
22.990
9.012
Beryllium
6.941
4
Be
2
2A
Lithium
Li
3
Hydrogen
1.008
H
1
1
1A
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
STAAR PHYSICS
REFERENCE MATERIALS
(281)
Ds
110
Platinum
195.085
Pt
78
Palladium
106.42
46
Pd
Nickel
58.693
Ni
28
10
(280)
Rg
111
Gold
196.967
Au
79
Silver
107.868
47
Ag
Copper
63.546
Cu
29
11
1B
Pu
Plutonium
(244)
94
Samarium
150.36
62
Sm
(247)
Curium
Americium
Cm
96
(243)
Am
95
157.25
Gadolinium
151.964
64
Gd
Europium
63
Eu
Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium
(276)
Mt
109
Iridium
192.217
Ir
77
Rhodium
102.906
45
Rh
Cobalt
58.933
Co
27
9
8B
Name
Al
Thallium
204.383
Tl
81
Indium
114.818
49
In
Gallium
69.723
Ga
31
Aluminum
26.982
Si
Lead
207.2
Pb
82
Tin
118.711
50
Sn
Germanium
72.64
Ge
32
Silicon
28.086
14
Carbon
12.011
6
C
14
4A
Bismuth
208.980
Bi
83
Antimony
121.760
51
Sb
Arsenic
74.922
As
33
Phosphorus
P
30.974
15
Nitrogen
14.007
7
N
15
5A
Bk
Berkelium
(247)
97
Terbium
158.925
65
Tb
Cf
Californium
(251)
98
Dysprosium
162.500
66
Dy
Es
Einsteinium
(252)
99
Holmium
164.930
67
Ho
Fm
Fermium
(257)
100
Erbium
167.259
68
Er
Mass numbers in parentheses are those of
the most stable or most common isotope.
Mercury
200.59
Hg
80
Cadmium
112.412
48
Cd
Zinc
65.38
Zn
30
12
2B
13
Boron
10.812
5
B
13
3A
S
Md
Mendelevium
(258)
101
Thulium
168.934
69
Tm
Polonium
(209)
Po
84
Tellurium
127.60
52
Te
Selenium
78.96
Se
34
Sulfur
32.066
16
Oxygen
15.999
8
O
16
6A
Cl
No
4.003
Ar
Radon
(222)
86
Rn
Xenon
131.294
54
Xe
Krypton
83.798
36
Kr
Argon
39.948
18
Neon
20.180
10
Ne
Helium
Updated Spring 2011
Nobelium
(259)
102
Ytterbium
173.055
70
Yb
Astatine
(210)
At
85
Iodine
126.904
I
53
Bromine
79.904
Br
35
Chlorine
35.453
17
Fluorine
18.998
9
F
17
7A
He
2
18
8A
Page 1 of 6
EXAMPLE ITEMS Physics 8, Sem 2
1
2
Which wave characteristic is the same for all electromagnetic waves traveling through a vacuum?
A
Speed
B
Frequency
C
Wavelength
D
Amplitude
A scientist examined the characteristics of sound waves during one of his experiments. He
examined the five different situations shown.
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
–
–
–
–
–
Sound
Sound
Sound
Sound
Sound
transmitted
transmitted
transmitted
transmitted
transmitted
through
through
through
through
through
water.
hot air.
train tracks.
outer space.
cold air.
Which list of situations is arranged in decreasing order (fastest to slowest) for the speed of
sound?
3
A
4, 5, 2, 1, 3
B
3, 1, 5, 2, 4
C
4, 2, 5, 1, 3
D
3, 1, 2, 5, 4
The location of an image is shown.
A
B
2f
C
D
E
f
f'
2f'
Refracted
image
3f'
Considering refraction through a thin convex lens, where is the original object located to achieve
this image?
A
Location A
B
Location B
C
Location C
D
Location D
Dallas ISD - Example Items
EXAMPLE ITEMS Physics 8, Sem 2
4
Page 2 of 6
How atoms emit their characteristic light is explained by Bohr’s model of the atom.
According to the Bohr model, which process explains how atoms give off radiation that forms their
characteristic spectra?
5
A
Radiation is given off when electrons jump from a lower orbit to a higher orbit and photon
energy equals E2 – E1.
B
Radiation is given off when electrons jump from a lower orbit to a higher orbit and photon
energy is less than E2 – E1.
C
Radiation is given off when electrons jump from a higher orbit to a lower orbit and photon
energy is greater than E2 – E1.
D
Radiation is given off when electrons jump from a higher orbit to a lower orbit and photon
energy equals E2 – E1.
The ammeter shows the current produced by a battery in a simple series circuit.
If the voltage across the circuit is 10 V, what is the circuit’s resistance?
A
0.5 Ω
B
2.0 Ω
C
10.0 Ω
D
20.0 Ω
Dallas ISD - Example Items
EXAMPLE ITEMS Physics 8, Sem 2
6
7
8
9
10
Page 3 of 6
Convection occurs in —
A
gases only
B
liquids only
C
solids only
D
gases and liquids only
What does the first law of thermodynamics say?
A
Entropy of an isolated system increases or remains the same.
B
Total energy of an isolated system is conserved.
C
Temperature of an object is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its molecules.
D
Total momentum of an isolated system is conserved.
A wire loop is located in a magnetic field. When an electric current is made to flow through
the loop, the loop rotates 90 degrees and then stops. This effect is the basis of what device?
A
Generator
B
Motor
C
Transformer
D
Resistor
Which phenomenon can only be explained using the mass–energy equivalence equation,
E = mc²?
A
Fusion of hydrogen nuclei in the sun
B
Attraction of electrons to the nucleus
C
Ionization energy required to remove an electron from an atom
D
Emission of a proton by an electron in an atom
Which statement about wave propagation is correct?
A
Light waves move fastest through a diamond.
B
Radio waves move faster through glass than through air.
C
Sound waves move faster through air than through glass.
D
Electromagnetic waves move fastest through a vacuum.
Dallas ISD - Example Items
EXAMPLE ITEMS Physics 8, Sem 2
11
12
13
Page 4 of 6
Doppler radar can be used to determine the speed that a storm is approaching an observer. What
measurable characteristic of waves is changed due to the Doppler effect to make this possible?
A
Amplitude
B
Interference
C
Frequency
D
Velocity
During hot summer days, automobile tires, filled with air, sometimes burst. Tires bursting due to
elevated temperatures is most likely caused by —
A
the tire walls becoming weaker during the summer
B
an increase in the average kinetic energy of the air molecules inside the tire
C
a decrease in the average kinetic energy of the air molecules inside the tire
D
a higher atmospheric pressure
In the diagram shown, a charged object is touched to a metal sphere (Fig. A). The sphere
acquires a negative charge (Fig. B), and the charge within the sphere quickly distributes itself
uniformly throughout the sphere (Fig. C).
The sphere represents an example of a(n) —
A
insulator
B
electromagnet
C
solenoid
D
conductor
Dallas ISD - Example Items
EXAMPLE ITEMS Physics 8, Sem 2
14
15
16
Page 5 of 6
White light is refracted as it passes from air into a glass prism, separating the colors that make
up the original white light. This happens because —
A
all light travels at the same slower velocity in glass than in air
B
all light travels at the same faster velocity in glass than in air
C
different colors of light travel at different speeds in glass
D
red light travels faster in glass than in air
A sound wave that is traveling through air has a wavelength of 3 meters, and a frequency of
114 Hz. If the wavelength is increased to 9 meters, what is the resulting frequency? The
velocity of sound through air is 342 m/s.
A
38 Hz
B
114 Hz
C
342 Hz
D
1,026 Hz
Photoelectrons are emitted from a metal surface when light shines on it. If the wavelength of
the light is decreased, the —
A
number of electrons emitted will decrease
B
kinetic energy of the emitted electrons will decrease
C
number of electrons emitted will increase
D
kinetic energy of the emitted electrons will increase
Dallas ISD - Example Items
Page 6 of 6
EXAMPLE ITEMS Physics 8, Sem 2
0.4 m
–0.4 m
17
6.0 m
If the frequency ( f ) is 8.0 Hz, what is the wave’s speed in m/s?
Record the answer and fill in the bubbles on
the grid provided. Be sure to use the
correct place value.
Dallas ISD - Example Items
EXAMPLE ITEMS Physics 8, Sem 2
Answer
SE
1
A
7C
--
2
D
7C
3A
3
C
7E
2K
4
D
8B
2K
5
A
5F
2H, 2L
6
D
6F
--
7
B
6G
--
8
B
5G
--
9
A
8C
--
10
D
7A
--
11
C
7F
--
12
B
6E
2K, 3A
13
D
5E
--
14
C
7D
--
15
A
7B
2H, 2L
16
D
8A
--
17
16
7B
--
Dallas ISD - Example Items
Process Skills