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Rome’s Conquest of the East The Hellenistic World, Ca. 240 BCE Teacher Oz’s Kingdom of History, Ancient Greece Page, http://www.uoregon.edu/~atlas/europe/static/map09.html, accessed Dec. 1, 2006 The Mediterranean world after the Second Punic War Rome in control of the Western Mediterranean; Carthage no longer a threat; Spain pacified; Numidia loyal to Rome; Gauls were neutralized (at least for now) After Alexander’s death – Greek world split into series of independent states; Greek world not unified Four Hellenistic monarchies emerged: the Antigonids (Macedonia), Ptolemies (Egypt), Attalids (Western Turkey - Pergamum) and Seleucids (Asia Minor). Two leagues formed among Greek city states: The Aetolian League (anti-Macedonian) and The Achaean League (pro-Macedonian). Rome becomes involved in the Greek East Rome intervenes more regularly in the East 229-228 BCE – Problems with pirates in Illyria – Roman merchants killed; Greek costal communities raided Rome responds and suppresses pirates and establishes protectorate over Greek city states on the Eastern Adriatic coast 220-218 BCE – Demetrius of Pharos (with support of Philip V of Macedonia) attempts to seize Greek cities under Roman protection; defeated by Romans, flees to Philip V. 215 BCE - 205 BC First Macedonian War: develops out of 2nd Punic War: Philip V forms alliance with Hannibal; Rome forms alliance with king Attalus I of Pergamum 212 BCE – Rome forms alliance with the Aetolian League against Philip V. 206-205 peace treaties with Philip The Second Macedonian War 205 BCE – Roman accuses Philip V and king Antiochus II (Seleucid king) of conspiring to intervene in succession in Ptolemaic Egypt. 205-200 BCE – Philip V encroaches on cities in Illyria and Greece under Roman protection Rhodes and Pergamum appeal to Rome for help; Rome gives Philip an ultimatum; Philip ignores it and seizes Abydus, a city under Roman protection; Rome declares war 197 BCE – Battle of Cynoscephalae. Important battle - Polybius comments on by comparing Macedonian and Roman forces (see next slide) 196 BCE –Roman general T. Quinctius Flamininus proclaims “the freedom of the Greeks.”; Romans evacuate Greece; Rome is the guarantor of Greek freedom and autonomy. Polybius on the Macedonian and Roman Forces 9 Now in all these matters the Macedonian formation is at times of little use and at times of no use at all, because the phalanx soldier can be of service neither in detachments nor singly, while the Roman formation is efficient. 10 For every Roman soldier, once he is armed and sets about his business, can adapt himself equally well to every place and time and can meet attack from every quarter. 11 He is likewise equally prepared and equally in condition whether he has to fight together with the whole army or with a part of it or in maniples or singly. 12 So since in all particulars the Romans are much more serviceable, Roman plans are much more apt p159to result in success than those of other (Polybius, History 18.29) Philip V The Peace with Philip V (196 BCE) “At this time the ten commissioners came to Rome to deal with affairs in Greece, bringing with them the senate’s decree about peace with Philip. The decree’s main points were as follows: all of the rest of the Greeks in Asia and Europe were to be free and subject to their own laws; Philip was to hand over to the Romans all Greeks under his rule and all towns with garrisons before the start of the Isthmian Games (June 196 BC); he was to leave free, after withdrawing his garrisons from them, the towns of Euromos, Pedasa, Bargylia, and the town of Iasus, as well as Abydus, Thasus, Myrina, and Perinthus; in accordance with the senate’s decree Titus (Flamininus) was to write to Prusias (of Bythinia) about the liberation of the Ciani; Philip was to restore to the Romans all prisoners of war and deserters within the same time period, and all his decked ships, with the exception of five light vessels and his ship with 16 banks of oars; he was to pay them 1000 talents, half immediately and half in installments over ten years.” (Polybius 18.44.1-7) Antiochus III (the Great) Seleucid (Asia Minor) The Hellenistic World, Ca. 240 BCE Teacher Oz’s Kingdom of History, Ancient Greece Page, http://www.uoregon.edu/~atlas/europe/static/map09.html, accessed Dec. 1, 2006 Rome’ confrontation with the Seleucids 222-187 BCE Confrontation begins with Antiochus III the Great 205 BCE – Rome accuses Antiochus III and Philip V of Macedon of conspiring to invade Egypt (after Ptolemy’s death) 196 BCE – Antiochus III seizes the free Greek cities in Asia minor; Rome demands he abandons them immediately - Antiochus III ignores Romans– and occupies Thrace 194 BCE – the king of Pergamum, friend of Rome, complains to Rome about Antiochus’ III operations in the Hellespont (strait connecting Mediterranean and Black Sea) 192 BCE – Aetolian League asks Antiochus III to “free the Greeks”from the Romans Rome’s response: The First Syrian War (192-188 BCE). The Conference of Lysimachea (196 BCE) “Just as Antiochus’ designs in Thrace were going as he wished, Lucius Cornelius and his colleagues sailed into Selymbria; they were the ambassadors sent by the Senate to arrange peace between Antiochus and Ptolemy (V). At the same time there arrived three of the ten commissioners, Publius Lentulus from Bargylia and Lucius Terrentius and Publius Villius from Thasos. Their presence was promptly reported to the king and they all met together a few days later at Lysimachea; and Hegesianax and Lysias, the envoys sent to Titus (Flamininus) also happened to arrive at this time. The private meetings of the king and the Romans were quite informal and friendly, but afterwards when they met in public council to discuss matters of state policy things took a very different turn. Lucius Cornelius demanded that Antiochus should give up all cities in Asia under the rule of Ptolemy (V) which he had just captured, and he earnestly requested him to evacuate those under Philip (V). He also advised him to keep away from the autonomous cities. Finally, he said that he could not understand why he had crossed to Europe with such a large army and fleet: there was no other reasonable interpretation of his action than that he was seeking to attack the Romans. With these words the Romans fell silent.” (Polybius, XVIII.4950). The First Syrian War (192-188 BCE) Hannibal is special advisor to Antiochus III. 191 BCE – Antiochus II is defeated at battle of Thermopylae, with Philip V of Macedon and the Achaean League on the side of Rome; Antiochus III is abandoned by his Greek allies (Aetolian league) 190 BCE Hannibal is defeated at sea; Rome in alliance with Pergamum defeats Antiochus III at battle of Magnesia. 190-189 BCE – Romans clean up the region; formal peace in 188 The Third Macedonia War 171-168 BCE 179 BCE – Philip V is succeeded by his son Perseus. 179-171 BCE – Perseus marries Laodike (daughter of Seleucus IV); expands his forces; forms alliances in Illyria, Thrace, and Epirus; interferes in internal affairs of Greek city states. King of Pergamum complains to Rome of Perseus’ violation of the treaty. 171-168 BCE – Third Macedonian War – Rome (L. Aemillius Paulus) defeats Perseus of Macedon at the battle of Pydna, 168 BCE 167 BCE – Antigonids are deposed, Macedonia is divided into 4 republics; Macedonia and Epirus ruthlessly plundered by Romans. – Polybius is taken as hostage to Rome. Dramatic Change in Roman attitudes. The Treatment of Macedonia and Epirus (167 BCE) Plunder and Loot “After the public games had been held (at Amphipolis) and the bronze shields had been piled onto the ships, the rest of the arms of all kinds were heaped into a huge pile, and the general, after praying to Mars, Minerva, and Mother Lua, and the rest of the gods to whom it is right and lawful to dedicate the spoils of the enemy, personally used a torch to kindle it…The gaze of the crowd which came was no more drawn to the stage spectacle, the athletic contests or the chariot races, than to all the booty of Macedonia which was put on show – statues, paintings, textiles, vessels of gold, silver, bronze, and ivory made with great pains in the palace (at Pella), not only for immediate show, like the things with which the palace at Alexandria was filled, but for constant use. These were loaded onto the fleet and given to Gnaeus Octavius for transport to Rome…Paullus sent despatches to Anicius so that there should be no disturbance over what was going to take place, saying that the senate had granted to his army the booty from the cities of Epirus whuch had defected to Perseus, and sent centurions to the individual cities, to say that they had come to remove the garrisons so that people of Epirus might be free like the Macedonians. He also summoned ten leading men from each city and told these to have all the gold and silver brought into the public square, while cohorts were sent to all the cities. Those to the cities further away were sent before those to the nearer ones, so that they would all arrive on the same day. The tribunes and the centurions had been instructed as to what to do. Early in the morning all the gold and silver was collected; at the fourth hour the soldiers were given the signal to plunder the town; there was so much booty that a distribution was made of 400 denarii to each of the cavalry and 200 to the infantry, and 150,000 people were led into slavery. Then the walls of the plundered cities were torn down; there were about 70 communities. All the booty was sold and from this the amounts given above were paid to the army.” (Livy, 45.33.1, 5-7, 34.1-6. ) Changes in Roman Attitudes and politics After the 2nd Macedonian war Roman attitudes changed: more arrogant and aggressive Warfare has become profitable and necessary for Roman commanders in competition for office and political prominence Romans see themselves as patrons and other communities as clients. Romans consider it their right to interfere in local matters even if unconnected to Rome; this is supported by regional powers who play Rome off against larger powers for their own interests. Principal target in the East is now the Seleucid kingdom; Rome intervenes in the 6th Syrian War between Ptolemy VI and Antiochus IV (170-168 BCE) Rome Intervenes in Judaea - Revolt of Macabees (164-161 BCE) . Roman Intervention in Egypt (168 BCE) “As Antiochus was approaching Ptolemy in order to occupy Pelusium, Popilius, the Roman commander, when greeted from a distance by the king who held out his right hand, gave him the tablet which he had ready containing the decree of the senate, and ordered Antiochus to read it first, not thinking it right, it seems to me, to give this usual mark of friendship before he knew whether the intentions of the person greeting him were friendly or hostile. When the king had read it, he said that he wanted to consult his friends about this information, but Popilius, on hearing this, acted in a manner thought to be harsh and extremely arrogant; he had with him a staff cut from a vine, with which he drew a circle around Antiochus and ordered him to give his decision about the letter while still inside the circle. The king was startled at this assumption of authority, but, after a few moments of doubt, said that he would do all the Romans demanded.” (Polybius, 27.1-6) Rome’s Treaty with the Jews (161 BCE) “And Judas chose Eupolemus, son of John, son of Accus, and Jason, son of Eleazar, and sent them to Rome to establish friendship and alliance with the Romans, and to request that they would take the yoke from them, for they saw that the kingdom of the Greeks was reducing the Jews to slavery. And they went to Rome, a very great journey, and came into the senate where they spoke and said, ‘Judas Maccabaeus and his brothers and the people of the Jews have sent us to you to establish with you an alliance and a peace, and for us to be enrolled as your allies and friends.’ And the speech pleased the senate. And this is a copy of the letter which the senate wrote in reply on bronze tablets and sent to Jerusalem to be for them there a memorial of peace and alliance: ‘May it be well for the Romans and the people of the Jews by sea and land forever, and may the sword and enemy be far from them. But if war comes first upon Rome or any of their allies in all their dominion, the nation of the Jews will fight alongside them with all their heart, as the occasion prescribes for them. To those making war they shall not give or supply grain, arms, money, or ships, as seems good to the Romans; and they shall keep their covenants without receiving anything for them. In the same way, if war is made on the nation of the Jews first, the Romans shall fight alongside them wholeheartedly, as the occasion prescribes. And grain, arms, money, or ships shall not be given to those fighting against them, as seems good to Rome; and they shall keep their covenant and that without deceit.” (1 Maccabees 8.17-28). The End of “Free” Macedonia and Greece Ca. 150 BCE – Andriscus, claiming to be son of Perseus raised army and tries to reunite Macedonia; destroyed a small Roman detachment, leads to war 150-148 BCE – The Fourth Macedonian War; Andriscus is defeated by Q. Caecilius Metelleus; Macedonia is turned into a Roman province, receives a garrison and is directly governed by Rome. Greeks angry with Roman meddling in Greek affairs, and beat up Roman envoys in Corinth; The Achaean War (148-146 BCE); Lucius Mummius completely and brutally destroys and sacks Corinth; all of Greece is turned into a Roman province (Achaea). The Sack of Corinth (146 BCE) At nightfall, the Achaeans, who had taken refuge in Corinth after the battle, escaped from the city; most of the Corinthians escaped with them as well. Mummius at first held back from entering Corinth, though the gates were open, suspecting that an ambush had been set inside the walls; however, on the third day after the battle, he took Corinth by storm and burnt it. The Romans slaughtered most of those they captured, but Mummius sold the women and children as slaves; he also sold all the slaves who had been set free and who had fought on the Achaean side who had not immediately fallen on the battlefield. Mummius carried off the dedications which were especially admired, as well as other works of art…Mummius razed the walls of all the cities who had fought against Rome, and seized their arms, even before the commissioners had been sent from Rome; when these arrived to act with him, he began to put down democracies and establish governments where magistrates were chosen for their property qualifications; tribute was imposed on Greece…” (Pausanias 7.7-9) This concludes the conquest of Greece proper After the Conquest of Greece Greece and Macedonia are directly governed by Rome (Provinces) from 146 BCE Potential threats such as the Seleucids are buffered by “client” states: Pergamum, Judaea, Egypt; Client states are called ‘friends’ (amici) but are really clients of Roman senate (often tied to one particularly prominent Roman senator/commander) Rome established pro-Roman oligarchies in many citystates who are also tied to Rome by patron-client relationship; owed Romans gratitude