Download Chapter 5. Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels The

Chapter 5. Cardiovascular System:
Heart and Blood Vessels
The cardiovascular system enables body systems and cells to exchange materials with
the external and internal environments. [Figure 5.1]
External exchange –
Internal exchange –
Structural Components of the Circulatory System:
Heart.
Blood vessels.
Arteries –
Veins –
Capillaries –
A capillary bed. [Figure 5.2]
Blood.
Blood is a liquid tissue. Why is it classified as a type of connective tissue?
1
The lymphatic system.
Function of the lymphatic system –
[Figure 7.6 with modifications]
The Heart – A double pump.
External view. [Figure 5.3]
2
The path of blood into and through the heart:
The colors below indicate oxygen poor (blue) and oxygen rich (red) blood.
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava (blood from the upper and lower body)
„
Right atrium
„
(Right atrioventricular valve)
„
Right ventricle
„
(Pulmonary semilunar valve)
„
Pulmonary trunk (artery to
lungs)
„
Pulmonary veins (veins from
lungs)
„
Left atrium
„
(Left atrioventricular valve)
„
Left Ventricle
„
(Aortic semilunar valve)
„
Aorta (artery to upper and
Adapted from Cam pbell, N. & J. Reese. Biology, 7 th ed. 2005. Pearson
Education, Inc.
lower body)
Terms to note:
Cardiac refers to the heart.
Pulmonary refers to the lungs.
The beating of the heart – The cardiac cycle.
Systole –
Diastole –
Stages of the cardiac cycle. [Figure 5.5]
Heart sounds –
What causes the heart sounds?
3
Heart Beat:
The heart has an inherent rhythm. ???
Controlled by centers in brain.
The Pacemaker –
Adrenal hormones epinephrine and
norepinephrine stimulate heart.
Adapted from Cam pbell, N. & J. Reese. Biology, 7 th ed.
2005. Pearson Education, Inc.
Electrical activity of the heart and the electrocardiogram (ECG):
Adapted from Hole, J.W. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 6th ed. 1993. Wm. C.
Brown, Inc.
4
Blood Pressure:
Systolic pressure –
Diastolic pressure –
Adapted from Hole, J.W. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 6th ed. 1993. Wm. C. Brown, Inc.
Blood Vessels: [Figure 5.2]
Veins –
Arteries –
Capillaries –
5
Veins have little blood pressure.
What causes varicose veins?
Two cardiovascular pathways.
[Figure 5.10]
< Pulmonary circuit.
< Systemic circuit.
Portal systems.
What is a portal system?
The hepatic portal system.
[Term: Hepatic refers to the liver]
Locate the hepatic portal system on the
drawing to the right.
6
Tissue fluids and the lymphatic system. [Figure 5.12]
Fluid exchange at the capillary level.
Excess fluids collect in lymphatic vessels. [Figure 5.13]
Cardiovascular Disorders:
Atherosclerosis: The development of plaque
within arteries. [Figure 5.14]
Plaque –
(Arteriosclerosis: A hardening of the arteries
due to an accumulation of plaque on their
inner lining.)
7
Bypasses and stents.
[Figure 5.15 modified]
Myocardial infarction –
Coronary thrombosis –
Thrombus –
Embolus –
Heart transplants –
Artificial hearts [Figure 5.16] –
Genetically modified pigs?
More terms associated with cardiovascular disorders:
1. Tachycardia –
2. Bardycardia –
3. Fibrillation –
4. Aneurysm –
5. Stroke –
6. Low blood pressure. Is it a problem?
8