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37
CHAPTER
The Cold War Begins, 1945–1952
The next two chapters present the story of the great postwar “baby boom” generation (i.e., people born between 1945 and 1960).
This generation was very much influenced and conditioned by the generally strong economy and by the major social and cultural
changes described here. Perhaps less directly, their world was molded by the nuclear arms race and the perilous “Cold War” with
the Soviet Union.
1. Unit Introduction (pp. 856–857) The authors here summarize the formative forces for the generation born
after World War II. Explain what they mean in the first paragraph when they say that the “two themes of
promise and menace mingled uneasily throughout the nearly five decades of the Cold War era… .” *** What
is the difference between “Russia” and the “Soviet Union”?
(1) Promise:
(2) Menace:
(3) “Russia”/“Soviet Union”:
2. Adjustment to Peacetime (pp. 858–860) The authors describe the shock to both production and price levels
as the economy converted back from emergency wartime production and had to absorb large numbers of
returning soldiers. Postwar Republican efforts to slow down the New Deal–inspired march of unionization
came to a head in 1947 with the passage of the __________ - ______________ Act restricting union activities.
Congress passed the “GI Bill of ___________,” which helped educate some _____ million veterans and lent
them money through the ___________________ Administration (VA) so they could settle down in their own
houses. *** Did the government pass this law primarily because it felt an obligation to those who had fought
the war? If not, what other motivations might have been involved? The authors say that this act produced big
economic benefits for the country. Do you think that taxpayers should pay for free higher education as they do
in some other countries?
(1) Motivation:
(2) Free higher education:
3. Postwar Economic Boom (pp. 860–864) The authors list several causes of the sustained economic boom that
lasted basically from 1950 to 1970. What do they mean by the following factors?
(1) World War II itself:
(2) “Permanent war economy” (charts, p. 861):
(3) Cheap energy:
(4) Productivity gains:
(5) “Sunbelt” and mobility:
4. Suburbs and Baby Boom (pp. 864-866, 868–869)
a. A depression and war-weary middle-class population happily moved to the suburbs and began making
babies in the postwar years. As you read the section on “The Suburbanites,” list some of the pros and cons of
the lifestyle described.
(1) Pros:
(2) Cons:
b. The authors refer to the “baby boom” from 1945 to 1960 as a “pig passing through a python.” This caused a
boom in elementary school construction in the 1950s, then rock music in the 1960s and 1970s. The baby boom
generation is now firmly in middle age. *** If you had some extra cash, what types of businesses might you
invest in today that will benefit from the “Baby Boom Bulge” over the next twenty years?
5. Harry S Truman (pp. 866–867) In this short section, the authors pass judgment on Truman, a man from a
relatively plain Missouri background whose fate it was to be thrust into the presidency at a time in which some
momentous decisions had to be made. *** From what they say here, do you guess that the authors will be
positive or negative on Truman’s performance in office? Why? What clues do they give?
6. Yalta Sets the Stage (pp. 867, 870) In the absence of a formal peace conference (like Versailles after World
War I), the wartime meeting at the Russian resort of Yalta in February 19_____ among Roosevelt,
___________________, and ___________________ takes on huge importance. At Yalta, a new
_______________ Nations organization was agreed upon. Stalin promised free postwar elections for Eastern
European countries such as __________, but Russian forces were occupying these countries on their march
toward Berlin and there was little the West could do to keep Stalin from eventually breaking this promise. In
return for a share of the goodies at the peace table, Stalin promised to help the United States defeat Japan
within _____ months of the final victory over Germany. (Remember from the last chapter the argument of
some that the prospect of Russia thus enhancing its postwar position in Asia MAY have influenced the
American decision to drop the A-bomb when it did.)
7. U.S. vs. USSR (pp. 870–871) List a few of the ways that the authors, in their even-handed analysis, say that
both the differences and similarities between the United States and the USSR led to an almost inevitable
conflict.
(1) Differences and suspicions:
(2) Similarities:
8. Cold War Begins (pp. 871–879)
a. A new postwar international framework, this time with full U.S. participation, was established when the
International ____________________ Fund (IMF) and the ___________ Bank were established at the
_________________ Woods Conference in 1944. Replacing the old League, a new _______________ Nations
was established in San Francisco a year later. The U.N. had a number of successes but missed a golden
opportunity to control the massive dangers of atomic power when the _________________ Plan was never
approved. Twenty-two top Nazis were tried and convicted at ________________ after the war. *** If war
involves mass killing by definition, do you think it’s fair to hold trials for “war crimes”? If so, can you think of
any acts by the United States during its various wars that might justify prosecution?
b. After the war, both Germany and its capital _________ were each divided into four supposedly temporary
“zones of occupation” to be administered by the “Big Four”—the United States, the USSR, ______________,
and _______________. These evolved into two separate countries, _________ Germany, tied to the Soviets,
and ____________ Germany, tied to the western powers. In 1948, Stalin imposed a blockade, trying to starve
the western powers out of their sectors of Berlin, located deep inside the eastern sector. The United States
responded with a gigantic ________________ designed to keep the Berlin supply line open. Stalin finally
called off the blockade in May 19___. By 1947, the broad strategy of “containing” Soviet expansionism, first
developed by Soviet specialist George F. ___________, had become accepted in America. Following potential
communist takeovers in Greece and ________________, this strategy became formalized in what came to be
known as the ________________ Doctrine, an open-ended American commitment to support “free peoples”
resisting communist takeovers. *** What do you see as the strengths as well as the potential dangers of this
American “holy-war” against communism?
(1) Strengths:
(2) Potential dangers:
c. To keep communism out of Western Europe, Truman won approval in 1948 for the ______________ Plan,
which would eventually funnel $_____ billion into the successful reconstruction of Western Europe. It would
also set the stage for the eventual creation of the European ___________________ (EC) which is now unifying
European countries. In 1947, the National _____________ Act reorganized and unified the military in the face
of the Soviet challenge and created a new National _____________ Council (NSC) and Central
_________________ Agency (CIA). In a major break with the nation’s isolationist past, Congress in 1949
approved joining the North ______________ ______________ Organization (NATO), a defensive alliance of
western European nations. Japanese reconstruction proceeded quickly and efficiently under the command of
U.S. General Douglas ______________ and with the cooperation of the Japanese. In China, however,
Communist forces under Mao ____________ in 1949 forced the Nationalist government under Generalissimo
Jiang __________ to leave the mainland and set up on the island of ___________. This development, together
with the first Soviet explosion of an ___________ bomb in 1949, further heightened American anxieties. A
massive and fantastically dangerous nuclear arms race ensued, beginning with the first explosion of an
American ______________ bomb in 1952.
9. Cold War at Home (pp. 879–883)
a. There is now no doubt that the Soviets did support a variety of “front” organizations in the United States (as
well as the open American Communist Party) and had a few spies planted within U.S. agencies. However, the
frantic anti-Communist hysteria of the late 1940s and early 1950s was largely reprehensible.
_________________ oaths were required of teachers and government employees, and many good careers were
ruined. Future president Richard M. ______________ came to prominence as a lowly congressman when he
successfully pursued diplomat Alger __________. Worst of all was the intimidation of Senator Joseph R.
_____________, who started by accusing State Department employees of Red ties and expanded from there.
This hysterical period quieted down a bit after the 1953 execution of Julius and Ethel ______________ on
charges of delivering atomic secrets to the Soviets. *** What actions, if any, by people working to change or
overthrow the U.S. government do you think should be illegal?
b. The 1948 election pitted the incumbent Democratic President ___________ against Republican New York
Governor Thomas E. _______________. Truman’s party was divided on the right by ultraconservative J.
Strom _________________ and on the left by Henry A. ________________. Though apparently the loser,
Truman’s feisty style won him another term.
10. Korea (pp. 883–885)
a. This major war, which killed as many Americans as Vietnam, gets only a two-page treatment here.
Remember the concessions given to Stalin at Yalta in return for his agreement to help with the final defeat of
Japan. As a result of this, Russia occupied the northern half of the Korean peninsula and the United States the
southern half. Two separate antagonistic countries evolved. In June of 1950, the North Koreans crossed the
____th parallel in an attempt to defeat the South and unify the country. Why do the authors say on p. 883 that
this invasion provided proof to Truman of the fundamental premise of the “containment doctrine”?
b. Code-named “______-68,” the administration used this crisis as an excuse for a massive military buildup.
Implementing his “containment” policy, Truman obtained a U.N. Security Council resolution (in the absence
of the Soviet representative) condemning the invasion. He then sent in U.S. forces under General
___________________. These forces made a surprise invasion behind enemy lines at ____________ in
September 1950, and drove north to the Chinese border, whereupon Chinese troops entered the war, crossing
the ________ River and forcing the Americans back to a long stalemate around the 38th parallel dividing line.
Because General ________________ publicly demanded the right to widen the war by attacking parts of
China, he was removed from office by President __________________ in 1951. *** Do you agree with
MacArthur that he was being asked to fight a war “with one hand tied behind his back”? Do you agree with
Truman that, despite his popularity and success, MacArthur should have been removed from command? Why
or why not?
(1) MacArthur’s complaint:
(2) MacArthur’s removal:
CHAPTER 37 TERM SHEET
The Cold War Begins
Pages 858–860
Gross national product (GNP)
Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
Employment Act (1946)
Council of Economic Advisers
GI Bill of Rights (1944)
VA loans
Pages 860–864
Dr. Benjamin Spock
“Sunbelt”
Pages 864–866, 868–869
Suburbs
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
“Levittown”
“White flight”
“Baby boom”
Pages 866–867
Harry S Truman
Pages 867, 870
Yalta Conference (February 1945)
“Big Three”
Pages 871–879
Bretton Woods (1944)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
IBRD (World Bank)
United Nations (1945)
Security Council
Big five powers
Baruch Plan
Nuremberg trials (1945–1946)
Hermann Goering
German occupation zones
“Iron curtain”
Berlin blockade (1948)
Berlin airlift (1948–1949)
“Containment” doctrine
George F. Kennan
Truman Doctrine (1947)
European Community (EC)
Marshall Plan (1947)
Recognition of Israel (1948)
National Security Act (1947)
Pentagon
NSC
CIA
“Voice of America” (1948)
Selective service system (1948)
NATO (1949)
Japanese occupation
Gen. Douglas MacArthur
Jiang Jieshi
Mao Zedong
Communist China (1949)
Dean Acheson
Soviet A-bomb (1949)
H-bomb
Pages 879–883
Loyalty oaths
House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)
Richard M. Nixon
Alger Hiss (1948)
Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy
McCarran Internal Security Bill (1950)
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
1948 election
Thomas E. Dewey
Strom Thurmond
Henry A. Wallace
Truman’s “Point Four” Program
“Fair Deal” Program
Pages 883–885
Korea/38th parallel
North Korean attack (1950)
NSC-68
U.N. “police action”
MacArthur’s Inchon landing (1950)
Yalu River
MacArthur firing (1951)
38
CHAPTER
The Eisenhower Era, 1952–1960
1. Ike, Nixon, and Korea (pp. 887–890)
a. In 1952, grandfatherly war-hero General Dwight D. __________________ and his anticommunist running
mate Richard M. ____________ ran on the __________________ Party ticket and defeated Democrat Adlai E.
________________. Nixon’s famous “____________ speech” illustrates the advent of television as a potent
force in politics. *** What do you see as the pros and cons of television in the democratic political process?
(1) Pros:
(2) Cons:
b. Eisenhower’s first priority was to end the war in ___________. However, it wasn’t until mid-19____ that an
armistice was finally signed ending that three-year conflict, which had killed some ____________
Americans—almost the same number who would eventually die in Vietnam. This settlement returned the
dividing line between North and South Korea to its original ____ parallel—where it remains today.
2. McCarthy’s “Witch-Hunt” (pp. 890–891)
a. To understand the Cold War and anticommunist sentiments, it’s important to review a few terms. The
United States has basically a “capitalist” economic system and a “democratic” political system. “Communists”
believe in a “socialist” economic system with a political system dominated by one party that supposedly best
represents the will of the common worker. To review these conceptual differences, fill in the chart below:
Enter “G” for government, “I” for individuals or corporations, or “C” for Communist Party
Democratic
Capitalism
Communistic
Socialism
(1) Who owns the “means of production”?
_________
_________
(2) Who makes most significant economic decisions?
_________
_________
(3) Who chooses the government leaders?
_________
_________
(As you can see, these economic and political systems are diametrically opposed in most important respects.
The real conflict, though, comes from the fact that Americans suspected the USSR—with a certain amount of
justification—of trying, often by underhanded means, to export its system worldwide. Of course, the Soviets,
in turn, suspected—again with some justification—that the Americans were also committed to exporting their
system globally.)
b. Joseph R. McCarthy was a little known junior senator from ______________ when, in 19____, he began
holding hearings based on charges never proven that there were a large number of communists in the
_________ Department. McCarthy eventually overextended himself in 1954 when, through the power of
television, it became clear that his charges of communism in the United States _________ had no basis in fact.
Is it legal or illegal in the United States to be a “communist” or “communist sympathizer?” *** If it’s not
illegal, how could McCarthy ruin a person’s career just by naming a person and bringing that person before his
committee?
(1) Legality:
(2) Source of McCarthy’s power:
3. Early Civil Rights Movement (pp. 891–897)
a. The first four paragraphs of this section paint a brief but chilling picture of life in the segregated south. ***
What was your reaction after reading these paragraphs? What, if anything, surprised you in this account?
b. Look over the section on “The Great African-American Migration” to the cities of the North and the West
during and after the World War II. What does NAACP leader Walter White mean when he says that the war
“immeasurably magnified the Negro’s awareness of the disparity between the American profession and
practice of democracy”?
c. The 1955–1956 bus boycott in __________________, Alabama, sparked by the refusal of Rosa
_____________ to sit in the back of the bus, was led by a young, then unknown local minister named
______________ ______________ __________, Jr. With little support from either the executive or the
legislative branches of government, the NAACP switched its strategy for forcing change in the South to the
_____________ branch. In the landmark 19____ case of _______________ v. Board of Education of Topeka,
Kansas, the Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Earl _________________, finally overturned the “separate but
_____________” concept allowed by the 1896 ______________ v. Ferguson ruling. The court ruled that
separate facilities in public schools were “inherently unequal” (and thus in violation of the “Equal Protection
of the Laws” clause of the Fourteenth Amendment) and that the country’s public schools must be desegregated
“with all deliberate speed.” Massive resistance developed in the Deep South to the implementation of this
ruling. *** If—theoretically—separate facilities are the same for both races, what was the logic of the Court in
declaring them “inherently unequal”?
d. Eisenhower refused to lead on civil rights matters, but in 19____ he was forced to act when Governor Orval
____________ of ____________________ moved to prevent nine black students from entering
______________ High School in ____________ Rock. Eisenhower’s decision to enforce a Supreme Court
ruling with which he disagreed brought about the first intervention of federal troops in southern affairs since
Reconstruction. In 1957, Martin Luther King, Jr., followed up his Montgomery success by organizing the
_______________ _______________ _________________ __________________ (“SCLC”). In 1960 a
grassroots, student-led “_____________” movement was launched at a lunch counter in ________________,
North Carolina. This movement spawned a new organization called the ______________
____________________ ________________ _______________ (“SNCC”). Compare and contrast these two
major civil rights organizations.
(1) SLCC:
(2) SNCC:
4. Ike at Home (pp. 897–899) Eisenhower modified some New Deal programs but left the big ones alone. He
even launched the massive _______________ highway system. What do the authors say were some of the
effects, pro and con, of this system that we take for granted today?
5. Dulles and Cold War Policy (pp. 899–902)
a. What was the concept of “massive retaliation” favored by Secretary of State __________ ______________
Dulles? *** What do you think of this policy as a deterrent to potential Soviet aggression?
(1) Concept of “massive retaliation”:
(2) Your view:
b. *** In Vietnam, why do you think that the United States, despite its general support for popular sovereignty
and self-determination, financed _____ percent of the costs incurred by the ____________ in trying to reclaim
their Vietnamese colony after World War II?
c. The French were defeated at ____________________ in 1954. A conference was then held in
________________, which agreed to split Vietnam into two countries temporarily at the ____ parallel, with
unifying elections to be held in two years. The United States then supported the corrupt but anticommunist
regime of Ngo Dinh __________ in the South. *** Despite its support for democracy, why do you think the
United States didn’t want the agreed 1956 elections held in Vietnam?
d. Cold war tensions continued when the Soviets matched NATO with their own ____________ Pact in 1955
and crushed a nationalist rebellion in ______________________ in 1956. In the Middle East, the American
CIA brazenly interfered in Iranian affairs by installing the pro-western ________ of Iran in 1953. However
Eisenhower refused to support the British and French during the __________ crisis of 1956. *** After
reviewing this section on American policy toward the Middle East, what do you think was (and to a large extent
still is) the main objective of American policy (anticommunism, nationalism, economic interests, etc.) in that
region?
6. Ike’s Second Term (pp. 902–905)
a. Eisenhower was easily re-elected in 1956 against his Democratic rival Adlai _________________. In 1957,
the Soviets launched the world’s first satellite, called ________________, setting off competition to build
more missiles. The authors say that the United States was well advanced across a broad scientific front but that
“the Soviets had gone all out for rocketry.” *** What feature of communism do you think might allow an
economically weaker country like the Soviet Union to make rapid progress in a few narrow specialties?
b. With both sides building more and bigger bombs, Soviet leader Nikita _______________ created another
crisis in 1958 by threatening to take over the Western sectors of ___________ (the old German capital). After
a goodwill visit to America in 1959, he and Eisenhower were to have met again in Paris in 1960—a meeting
that was canceled after America was caught spying over Russia with a ______ (type) spy plane.
c. America today has extensive relations with communist countries such as China and Vietnam, but not with its
close neighbor Cuba. Protesting against the expropriation of American property after the 1959 Cuban
revolution led by Dr. Fidel ______________, the United States cut economic and diplomatic ties, forcing the
Cubans to rely even more heavily on their newfound friends in Moscow. *** Do you have any thoughts on
whether this policy of isolating Cuba was good when it was enacted and whether it is still appropriate today?
(1) Then:
(2) Now:
7. Transition in 1960 (pp. 905–907) In the election of 1960, young Senator John F. _____________ narrowly
defeated VP Richard M. ______________. This was the first election in which TV debates played a prominent
role and the first to be won by a _______________ (religious faith). The authors criticize Eisenhower for not
using his great popularity to further the cause of civil rights. However, they are generally positive on his
leadership, pointing out the great general prosperity of the 1950s and the fact that he kept the country out of a
major conflict at the height of Cold War tensions. Note though, that this peace was accompanied by a huge and
unprecedented peacetime military buildup. In the box on p. 908, Eisenhower, in his farewell address, warns the
country to beware of the new “military-industrial complex.” *** What was this “complex” and why might
Eisenhower have been worried about its growing influence?
(1) “Military-industrial complex”:
(2) Growing influence:
8. Economic Trends (pp. 908–910) The authors here describe the construction boom in the suburbs;
transformative technology advances in transistors, computers, and air travel; and the transformation of the
economy from a manufacturing to a service base. Employment opportunities for women surged at a time when
middle-class women were influenced by a new “cult of domesticity”—an ideal challenged by Betty
_______________ in her 1963 book The Feminine _________________. *** How has the expected role of
middle-class women changed between the 1950s and today?
(1) 1950s:
(2) Today:
9. The Consumer Culture (pp. 911–915)
a. The authors describe the 1950s as a generally prosperous period when people moved to the suburbs, raised
their baby-boomer children, and spent a lot on leisure time activities and mass-produced, standardized, and
heavily advertised products. List some of the examples cited in the book to show new developments in each of
the following areas.
Consumer credit:
Mass communications:
Eating out:
Popular music:
Recreation/sports:
Movie stars:
b. Read about the “Life of the Mind.” Which listed books or plays have you read or seen?
CHAPTER 38 TERM SHEET
The Eisenhower Era
Pages 887–890
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Adlai E. Stevenson
Richard M. Nixon
“Checkers” speech (1952)
Korean armistice (1952)
Pages 890–891
Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy
Gen. George Marshall
Army-McCarthy hearings (1954)
Pages 891 –897
Jim Crow laws
Emmett Till (1955)
Gunnar Myrdal
Jackie Robinson
NAACP
Executive Order 8802 (1941)
Walter White
Thurgood Marshall
Rosa Parks (1955)
Montgomery bus boycott
Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Earl Warren
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
“Declaration of Constitutional Principals” (1956)
Orval Faubus
Little Rock Central High (1957)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
Greensboro “sit-ins” (1960)
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (1960)
Pages 897–899
Bracero program
“Operation Wetback” (1954)
“Indian New Deal” (1934)
Interstate Highway Act (1956)
AF of L and CIO merger (1955)
Pages 899–902
John Foster Dulles
Strategic Air Command (SAC)
“Massive retaliation”
Nikita Khrushchev
Geneva summit (1955)
Hungarian uprising (1956)
Ho Chi Minh
Dienbienphu (1954)
Geneva Conference (1954)
Ngo Dinh Diem
Warsaw Pact (1955)
Shah of Iran (1953)
Suez crisis (1956)
Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)
OPEC (1960)
Pages 902–905
James R. Hoffa
Landrum-Griffin Act (1959)
Sputnik (1957)
Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
“Missile gap”
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
National Defense and Education Act (1958)
Lebanon intervention (1958)
“Spirit of Camp David” (1959)
U-2 spy plane (1960)
Guatemalan intervention (1954)
Fulgencio Batista
Fidel Castro (1959)
Pages 905–907
Richard Nixon
“Kitchen debate”
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
“New Frontier”
Nixon-Kennedy TV debates (1960)
Twenty-second Amendment (1951)
Admission of Alaska and Hawaii (1959)
Pages 908–910
Betty Friedan
Pages 911–915
Television
Billy Graham, Oral Roberts, Fulton Sheen
Elvis Presley
Marilyn Monroe
Social critics:
David Riesman
William H. Whyte, Jr.
Sloan Wilson
John Kenneth Galbraith
Daniel Bell
C. Wright Mills
Novelists:
Ernest Hemingway
John Steinbeck
Norman Mailer
James Jones
Joseph Heller
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.
John Updike
John Cheever
Louis Auchincloss
Gore Vidal
Poets:
Ezra Pound
Wallace Stevens
William Carlos Williams
Theodore Roethke
Robert Lowell
Sylvia Plath
Anne Sexton
John Berryman
Playwrights:
Tennessee Williams
Arthur Miller
Lorraine Hansberry
Edward Albee
Black/southern authors:
Richard Wright
Ralph Ellison
James Baldwin
LeRoi Jones
William Faulkner
Walker Percy
Eudora Welty
Robert Penn Warren
Flannery O’Connor
William Styron
Jewish writers:
J. D. Salinger
Bernard Malamud
Philip Roth
Saul Bellow
E. L. Doctorow