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A NATURALLY OCCURING INORGANIC SOLID THAT IS COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE ELEMENTS. MINERALS HAVE A DEFINATE FORMULA & A DEFINATE CRYSTALINE STRUCTURE A NATURALLY OCCURING MIXTURE OF MINERALS, MINERALOIDS, GLASS, ORGANIC MATTER, AND INORGANIC MATTER ROCKS MAKE UP A SIGNIFICANT PART OF THE EARTH’ CRUST “IGNIS” = LATIN FOR FIRE FORMED FROM THE CRYSTALIZATION OF MAGMA OR LAVA ROCKS MELT WHEN THEY ARE BURIED DEEP IN THE EARTH DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE & TEMPURATURE (MAGMA / LAVA) THE MOLTEN ROCK FLOWS UPWARDS OR CAN BE SPEWED OUT THROUGH VOLCANOES WHEN LAVA / MAGMA COOLS, IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE FORMED THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS EXTRUSIVE INTRUSIVE AKA: VOLCANIC PRODUCED WHEN MAGMA FLOWS ON TO THE EARTH’S SURFACE AND SOLIDIFIES MAGMA ABOVE THE EARTH’S SURFACE COOLS VERY QUICKLY AND FINE GRAINED ROCKS ARE FORMED AKA: PLUTONIC PRODUCED WHEN MAGMA FLOWS UP BUT TO A DEPTH BELOW THE EARTH’S SURFACE AND SOLIDIFIES MAGMA BELOW THE EARTH’S SURFACE COOLS VERY SLOWLY AND COARSE GRAINED ROCKS ARE FORMED http://www.classzone.com /books/earth_science/terc /content/investigations/e s0602/es0602page02_popu p1.cfm Basalt Granite 1. Dark color 2. High specific gravity 3. Fine grained 1. Light color 2. Low specific gravity 4. Forms at the surface, principally in the ocean basins, but also in isolated "hot spots" on the continents. 3. Coarse grained 4. Forms on the continents deep underground ROCKS FORMED NEAR THE EARTH’S SURFACE DUE TO WEATHERING, EROSION, TRANSPORTATION, AND DEPOSITION GENERALLY STRATIFIED, FINE GRAINED, AND CONTAIN FRAGMENTS OF OTHER ROCKS SEDIMENT = LOOSE PARTICULATE MATERIAL (SAND, GRAVEL, CLAY, DIRT, ETC.) SEDIMENTS BECOME SEDIMENTARY ROCKS BY THE PROCESS OF LITHIFICATION COMPACTION CEMENTATION WHEN A LOT OF SEDIMENTS BUILD UP IN ONE AREA, THE LARGE MASS OF SEDIMENTS PRESS DOWN ON PREXISTING SEDIMENT FORMATION WHEN THE COMPACTED SEDIMENTS SETTLE, MINERALS FLOW IN BETWEEN THE VERY SMALL CRACKS AND CREVES’ AND BIND THE SEDIMENTS TOGETHER http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_s cience/terc/content/investigations/es06 02/es0602page02_popup4.cfm http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_s cience/terc/content/investigations/es06 02/es0602page02_popup5.cfm MECHANICALLY FORMED formed by compression & cementation of sediments deposited over a long periods in the sea ORGANICALLY FORMED formed by compression & cementation of plants & animal remains CHEMICALLY FORMED formed when water has evaporated from solutions which contain minerals Narracoorte Caves, southeastern SA Stalactites (of mineral calcite). Biochemical and inorganic sedimentary limestone rocks. The Queen’s Throne- Utah http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter7.html Headland in Tasman Peninsula The sandstone was formed from sandy river deposits, a relatively high energy environment. After consolidation into rock these beds were gently uplifted, remaining almost horizontal. Cliff reveals layers which vary slightly in hardness and reflect variations in original conditions The Ayers Rock is made up of arkose, a coursegrained sandstone rich in feldspar at least 2.5 km thick. Uplifting and folding between 400-300 mya turned the sedimentary layers nearly 90 degrees to their present position. The surface has then been eroded. “META” = GREEK FOR CHANGE “MORPHOSIS” = GREEK FOR FORM ROCKS THAT ARE SUBJECTED TO EXTREME PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE WILL CHANGE AND BECOME METAMORPHIC ROCKS THE ROCKS DO NOT MELT, THEY ARE CHANGED AND BECOME DENSER AND MORE COMPACT BECAUSE OF THE INTENSE HEAT AND PRESSURE, NEW MINERALS CAN BE CREATED BY THE MIXING OF MINERALS UNDER THESE EXTREME CONDITIONS FLUIDS MAY ALSO ENTER THE ROCKS AND REACT WITH THEM TO FORM NEW ROCKS http://www.classzone.com/ books/earth_science/terc/ content/investigations/es0 602/es0602page02_popup6 .cfm FOLIATED OCCURS WHEN MINERAL GRAINS ARE FLATTENED AND LINE UP IN PARALLEL BANDS NON-FOLIATED OCCURS WHEN NO BANDS ARE FORMED Slate is a fine grained metamorphic rock. Created by minor metamorphism of shale or mudstone. Rock is characterized by the foliation of its mineral grains which causes it to have cleavage that is parallel. Gneiss is a coarse grained metamorphized igneous rock. In this rock, you get the recrystallization and foliation of quartz, feldspars, micas, and amphiboles into alternating light and dark colored bands. BENEATH THE EARTH WHERE MAGMA INTRUDES WITH RELETIVLY COOLER ROCKS NEAR MOUNTAIN RANGES WHEN HOT WATER INTRUDES ROCKS WHEN A METEORITE COLLIDES WITH THE EARTH (RARE) WHEN LIGHTNING STRIKES A ROCK (RARE)