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Social Drugs
Drug Experimentation
 Usually
starts in adolescent years
 Different reasons why teenagers start
using drugs:
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Peer pressure
Low self esteem
Curiosity
Non-intact families (one parent missing)
Homes with no religious affiliation or activity
 Most
commonly abused drugs are alcohol,
tobacco, and marijuana
Indicators of Drug Use
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Rebelliousness/non-conformity
Accepts deviant behavior in others
Lack of ambition
Lack of commitment to school
Impulsive
Preoccupied by pleasure seeking
Minimal concern for risk
Poor problem solving & coping skills
Low self-esteem
Hx of physical & psychological illness
How to Detect Addiction?
 Watch
 Look

 If
for addictive behavior
for signs of withdrawal:
Irritability, sweating, insomnia, tachycardia
an individual is truly experiencing pain, the
effect of addiction is diminished
Social Drug Use

Street drugs do not enhance
performance, so athletes who use street
drugs use them for recreational purposes
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Male high school athletes have a higher
incidence of marijuana use than nonathletes
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Female athletes, have a lower incidence
of marijuana use compared to nonathletes
Illegal Drug Safety
 No
quality control
 “Fillers”:
toxins, pesticides, fungi, bacteria,
etc
 Manufactured
in van, garage, kitchen (not
generally clean)
 Overdoses
& deaths possible
Alcohol
 Ethanol

alcohol is a depressant
Interferes with transmission of nerve impulses
 Absorption varies depending on:
 Weight, proof of alcohol, & stomach contents
 Takes
avg person ~1hr to metabolize
1 standard drink
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12oz of regular beer
5oz wine
1.5oz of 80 proof distilled
spirits
Alcohol Metabolism
 The
liver is able to metabolize about .5oz of
ethanol/hr (~1 drink)
 If more alcohol arrives in the liver than the
enzymes can handle:

Excess alcohol circulates in the body, until liver
enzymes are able to process it
 Good
rule: Don’t consume > 1 drink/hr!
Alcohol
 Proof
refers to the amount of alcohol in the
liquor

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100 proof liquor contains 50% alcohol
40 proof liquor contains 20% alcohol
 Wine
has approximately 8-14% alcohol
 Regular beer has 4-6% alcohol
Alcohol & Athletes
 ACSM:
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Surveyed college athletes & non-athletes
Athletes were more likely to binge drink
10,605 athletes vs 2,172 non-athletes
Binge drinking is generally defined as
consumption of 5+ drinks in 1 occasion
 Banned

by NCAA in rifle events:
Sm amount can decr hand tremors &
improve balance & throwing accuracy
Alcohol Stats
 #1
killer of teenagers in vehicle related
deaths in U.S.
 Thousands of people die every year
after chocking on their own vomit while
they sleep
 More than 1,700 college students in
the U.S. are killed each year as a
result of alcohol-related injuries
Adverse Effects of Alcohol
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Decrease reaction times & muscle coordination
Increased speed times in short & long distance
activities
Liver damage
Heart disease
Diabetes
Mental disorders
Hormonal imbalances
Decreased visual acuity
Dehydration
Tobacco
 >4,000
chemicals inhaled in
cigarette smoke
 Nicotine is one of those chemicals
Reaches the brain within seconds
 Causes pleasurable sensations, calming
effect, decreased appetite
 Addictive
 Adverse effects: Cancer, emphysema,
irregular HR, incr clotting, incr risk of heart
attack
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Never Too Late to Stop Smoking
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Men who quit smoking by 30 add 10 yrs to their life
 People who quit at 60 add 3 yrs to their life
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After 20 min BP & pulse return to normal
After 24 hrs lungs start to clear
After 2 days sense of taste & smell improve
After 3 days energy increases
After 2-12 wks circulation improves
After 3-9 months breathing improves
After 1 yr heart attack risk is 1/2 that of a smoker
After 10 yrs lung cancer risk is 1/2 that of a smoker
Marijuana
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Active ingredient: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
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Contains >400 other chemicals
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Minor psychedelic
 Produces lethargic effect
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Not ideal for an athlete
Chinese records dating from 28 B.C.
 A nearly 3,000-year-old Egyptian mummy
found w/ traces of THC
 Used for centuries to Tx: Sedative,
constipation, obesity, loss of appetite
Marijuana - How does it
work???
 Foreign
chemicals, like THC, can mimic or
block actions of neurotransmitters &
interfere with normal functions
 Cannabinoid receptors are activated by a
neurotransmitter called anandamide
 Anandamide is a cannabinoid your body
makes.

THC binds with cannabinoid receptors and
activates neurons, which causes adverse
effects on the mind and body
Marijuana - Effects
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High concentrations of
cannabinoid receptors in:
 Hippocampus: can
interfere with the
recollection of recent
events (short term
memory), learning,
problem solving
 Cerebellum: can affect
coordination
 Basal ganglia: can affect
motor coordination
Marijuana - Other Effects…
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Problems with memory and learning
 Distorted perception
 Difficulty with thinking and problem solving
 Loss of coordination
 Increased heart rate
 Anxiety, paranoia and panic attacks
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The initial effects wear off in 1-2hrs but
chemicals stay in your body much longer
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Hair follicles can store THC for years
T1/2: 20 hrs to 10 days
Marijuana - “Benefits”
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Suppress nausea
Relieve eye pressure
Decrease muscle spasms
Stimulate appetite
Stop convulsions
Eliminate menstrual pain
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Used to Tx Following Medical Conditions:
 Cancer & AIDS (to suppress nausea and
stimulate appetite)
 Glaucoma (to alleviate eye pressure)
 Epilepsy (to stop convulsions)
 Multiple sclerosis (to decrease muscle spasms)
Marijuana - Federal Law
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As of February 2014, in contrast to moves by
several states toward medical marijuana
statutes, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency
listed marijuana as Schedule 1 substance.
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Schedule 1 is reserved for "the most
dangerous drugs," substances with "no
currently accepted medical use and a high
potential for abuse... [and] potentially severe
psychological or physical dependence,"
including heroin, LSD and Ecstasy.
Marijuana - Abuse in Teens
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Marijuana use is highest among younger people
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Use in teenagers doubled from 1992 to 1999
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1:13 kids aged 12-17 was current user
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50% of all 13-year-olds said they find & purchase it
49% said they first tried it at 13 y/o or younger (1998)
Since 1998, ER visits involving marijuana among 12 to
17 y/o jumped 48%
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Children & teens:
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"3x’s likelier to be in treatment for marijuana than for
alcohol
6x’s likelier to be in treatment for marijuana than for all
other illegal drugs combined“ (2004)
Ecstasy
 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA)
 Pill/Tablet
or Powder
 Hallucinogenic & Stimulant
 “Club Drug”
 Stimulates serotonin & dopamine release
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Causing feelings of exhilaration & “friendliness”
Increases feelings much more intense (good or
bad)
 Drugs
effects last up to 6 hours
Ecstasy - Effects
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Permanent damage to
serotonin receptors with
chronic use
Confusion
Paranoid
Anxious
Hallucinations
Sleep disorders (stay
awake for days)
Depression
Hyperthermia
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Can overheat & cause
organ failure/death
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Increased HR
Blurred vision
Chills
Sweating
Nausea
Damage cells involved
w/ thinking & memory
Seizures
Brain swelling
Permanent brain
damage
Methamphetamine (Meth)
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Other Names:
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Crystal, chalk, and ice
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Extremely addictive stimulant
 Produces immediate, intense euphoria
 Pleasure fades quickly
 White, odorless, bitter-tasting crystalline
powder
 Administration:
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Orally, smoked, snorted, or dissolved in water or
alcohol and injected
Meth – How does it work?
 Increases
levels of dopamine in brain
 Dopamine
is involved in reward,
motivation, the experience of pleasure,
and motor function
 Meth’s
ability to release dopamine rapidly
in reward regions of the brain produces
the euphoric “rush”
Effects - Meth
Long Term:
 Anxiety
 Confusion
 Insomnia
 Mood disturbances
 Violent behavior
 Paranoia
 Hallucinations
 Delusions (Exp: the
sensation of insects
crawling under the skin)
Chronic Use:
 Chemical & molecular
changes in the brain
 Reduced motor skills
 Impaired verbal learning
 Severe structural and
functional changes in
areas of the brain
associated with emotion
& memory
Additional Effects - Meth
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Increased wakefulness
Increased physical activity
Decreased appetite
Increased RR
Rapid HR
Irregular heart beat
Increased BP
Increased body temp
Extreme weight loss
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Especially in face
Severe dental problems (“meth mouth”)
Skin sores caused by scratching.
Increased risk of contracting HIV & Hep B & C
Heroin
 Highly
addictive
 Made from the resin of poppy plants (like
opium and morphine)
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Opium is refined to make morphine, then
further refined into different forms of heroin
 Injected,
smoked, or sniffed
Heroin – How does it work?
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When it enters the brain, heroin is converted back into
morphine
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Then it binds to opioid receptors located in areas
responsible for the perception of pain & reward; BP,
arousal, & respiration
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Heroin overdoses frequently involve a suppression of
breathing
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Users report feeling a surge of euphoria (“rush”)
accompanied by dry mouth, a warm flushing of the
skin, heaviness of the extremities, and clouded mental
functioning
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Following this initial euphoria, the user goes “on the
nod,” an alternately wakeful and drowsy state.
Effects - Heroin
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“Rush”
Slowed breathing
Clouded mental
functioning
Nausea and vomiting
Sedation; drowsiness
Hypothermia
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Body temperature lower
than normal
Coma or death
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Due to overdose
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Bad teeth/Inflammation
of gums
Itching
Weakening of the
immune system
Partial paralysis
Impotence in men
Loss of memory
Depression
Pustules on the face
Loss of appetite
Insomnia
LSD
 Powerful
hallucinogen
 Manufactured from fungus that grows on
rye & other grains
 Tablets, pills, liquid, & absorbent paper
 Disrupts flow of serotonin between nerves
 The serotonin system is involved in:
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Controlling mood, hunger, body temp, sexual
behavior, muscle control & sensory
perception
Effects - LSD
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Mood swings
Delusions
Hallucinations
Altered sense of time &
self
Mix up senses (‘hear
colors’ & ‘see sounds’)
Panic/Fear (terrifying
thoughts)
Feelings of despair
Fear of losing control
Fear of insanity & death
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Dilated pupils
Increased body temp,
Increased HR
Increased BP
Loss of appetite
Sleeplessness
Tremors
Cocaine/Crack
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A powdered drug from the leaves of the coca
plant
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Snorted, injected, or smoked
Generations of So. American Indians have
chewed its leaves for incr. strength & energy
 1800’s: used as an anesthetic & to prevent
excess bleeding during surgery
 Early 1900’s: people realized it was highly
addictive, & non-medical use of the drug was
banned in 1914
Cocaine - How does it work?
 Prevents
dopamine reabsorption by
attaching to the dopamine transporter
 Dopamine
builds up in the synapse and
continues to stimulate
the receptor, creating
lingering feelings of
exhilaration/euphoria
Cocaine How Addiction Happens
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When effects wear off, leaves person feeling letdown & depressed, resulting in a desire to smoke
more crack in order to feel good again
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The brain responds to the dopamine overload by
either destroying some of it, making less of it or
shutting down its receptors
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After a while, crack users become less sensitive to
it and they must take more and more of it to
achieve the desired effect
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Eventually, they cannot stop taking the drug
because their brains have been "rewired" -- they
actually need it in order to function
Cocaine – Effects
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Feeling energized
More alert
More sensitive to
sight, sound, & touch
Restless/Anxious
Paranoia
Delusional behavior
Nausea
Loss of appetite
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Heart attack
Stroke
Increased HR, BP &
Temp
Seizures
Respiratory failure
Severe mental
disorders
Extreme aggression
Combined w/ alcohol = potentially lethal toxic
chemical in liver