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Social Drugs Drug Experimentation Usually starts in adolescent years Different reasons why teenagers start using drugs: Peer pressure Low self esteem Curiosity Non-intact families (one parent missing) Homes with no religious affiliation or activity Most commonly abused drugs are alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana Indicators of Drug Use Rebelliousness/non-conformity Accepts deviant behavior in others Lack of ambition Lack of commitment to school Impulsive Preoccupied by pleasure seeking Minimal concern for risk Poor problem solving & coping skills Low self-esteem Hx of physical & psychological illness How to Detect Addiction? Watch Look If for addictive behavior for signs of withdrawal: Irritability, sweating, insomnia, tachycardia an individual is truly experiencing pain, the effect of addiction is diminished Social Drug Use Street drugs do not enhance performance, so athletes who use street drugs use them for recreational purposes Male high school athletes have a higher incidence of marijuana use than nonathletes Female athletes, have a lower incidence of marijuana use compared to nonathletes Illegal Drug Safety No quality control “Fillers”: toxins, pesticides, fungi, bacteria, etc Manufactured in van, garage, kitchen (not generally clean) Overdoses & deaths possible Alcohol Ethanol alcohol is a depressant Interferes with transmission of nerve impulses Absorption varies depending on: Weight, proof of alcohol, & stomach contents Takes avg person ~1hr to metabolize 1 standard drink 12oz of regular beer 5oz wine 1.5oz of 80 proof distilled spirits Alcohol Metabolism The liver is able to metabolize about .5oz of ethanol/hr (~1 drink) If more alcohol arrives in the liver than the enzymes can handle: Excess alcohol circulates in the body, until liver enzymes are able to process it Good rule: Don’t consume > 1 drink/hr! Alcohol Proof refers to the amount of alcohol in the liquor 100 proof liquor contains 50% alcohol 40 proof liquor contains 20% alcohol Wine has approximately 8-14% alcohol Regular beer has 4-6% alcohol Alcohol & Athletes ACSM: Surveyed college athletes & non-athletes Athletes were more likely to binge drink 10,605 athletes vs 2,172 non-athletes Binge drinking is generally defined as consumption of 5+ drinks in 1 occasion Banned by NCAA in rifle events: Sm amount can decr hand tremors & improve balance & throwing accuracy Alcohol Stats #1 killer of teenagers in vehicle related deaths in U.S. Thousands of people die every year after chocking on their own vomit while they sleep More than 1,700 college students in the U.S. are killed each year as a result of alcohol-related injuries Adverse Effects of Alcohol Decrease reaction times & muscle coordination Increased speed times in short & long distance activities Liver damage Heart disease Diabetes Mental disorders Hormonal imbalances Decreased visual acuity Dehydration Tobacco >4,000 chemicals inhaled in cigarette smoke Nicotine is one of those chemicals Reaches the brain within seconds Causes pleasurable sensations, calming effect, decreased appetite Addictive Adverse effects: Cancer, emphysema, irregular HR, incr clotting, incr risk of heart attack Never Too Late to Stop Smoking Men who quit smoking by 30 add 10 yrs to their life People who quit at 60 add 3 yrs to their life After 20 min BP & pulse return to normal After 24 hrs lungs start to clear After 2 days sense of taste & smell improve After 3 days energy increases After 2-12 wks circulation improves After 3-9 months breathing improves After 1 yr heart attack risk is 1/2 that of a smoker After 10 yrs lung cancer risk is 1/2 that of a smoker Marijuana Active ingredient: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Contains >400 other chemicals Minor psychedelic Produces lethargic effect Not ideal for an athlete Chinese records dating from 28 B.C. A nearly 3,000-year-old Egyptian mummy found w/ traces of THC Used for centuries to Tx: Sedative, constipation, obesity, loss of appetite Marijuana - How does it work??? Foreign chemicals, like THC, can mimic or block actions of neurotransmitters & interfere with normal functions Cannabinoid receptors are activated by a neurotransmitter called anandamide Anandamide is a cannabinoid your body makes. THC binds with cannabinoid receptors and activates neurons, which causes adverse effects on the mind and body Marijuana - Effects High concentrations of cannabinoid receptors in: Hippocampus: can interfere with the recollection of recent events (short term memory), learning, problem solving Cerebellum: can affect coordination Basal ganglia: can affect motor coordination Marijuana - Other Effects… Problems with memory and learning Distorted perception Difficulty with thinking and problem solving Loss of coordination Increased heart rate Anxiety, paranoia and panic attacks The initial effects wear off in 1-2hrs but chemicals stay in your body much longer Hair follicles can store THC for years T1/2: 20 hrs to 10 days Marijuana - “Benefits” Suppress nausea Relieve eye pressure Decrease muscle spasms Stimulate appetite Stop convulsions Eliminate menstrual pain Used to Tx Following Medical Conditions: Cancer & AIDS (to suppress nausea and stimulate appetite) Glaucoma (to alleviate eye pressure) Epilepsy (to stop convulsions) Multiple sclerosis (to decrease muscle spasms) Marijuana - Federal Law As of February 2014, in contrast to moves by several states toward medical marijuana statutes, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency listed marijuana as Schedule 1 substance. Schedule 1 is reserved for "the most dangerous drugs," substances with "no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse... [and] potentially severe psychological or physical dependence," including heroin, LSD and Ecstasy. Marijuana - Abuse in Teens Marijuana use is highest among younger people Use in teenagers doubled from 1992 to 1999 1:13 kids aged 12-17 was current user 50% of all 13-year-olds said they find & purchase it 49% said they first tried it at 13 y/o or younger (1998) Since 1998, ER visits involving marijuana among 12 to 17 y/o jumped 48% Children & teens: "3x’s likelier to be in treatment for marijuana than for alcohol 6x’s likelier to be in treatment for marijuana than for all other illegal drugs combined“ (2004) Ecstasy Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Pill/Tablet or Powder Hallucinogenic & Stimulant “Club Drug” Stimulates serotonin & dopamine release Causing feelings of exhilaration & “friendliness” Increases feelings much more intense (good or bad) Drugs effects last up to 6 hours Ecstasy - Effects Permanent damage to serotonin receptors with chronic use Confusion Paranoid Anxious Hallucinations Sleep disorders (stay awake for days) Depression Hyperthermia Can overheat & cause organ failure/death Increased HR Blurred vision Chills Sweating Nausea Damage cells involved w/ thinking & memory Seizures Brain swelling Permanent brain damage Methamphetamine (Meth) Other Names: Crystal, chalk, and ice Extremely addictive stimulant Produces immediate, intense euphoria Pleasure fades quickly White, odorless, bitter-tasting crystalline powder Administration: Orally, smoked, snorted, or dissolved in water or alcohol and injected Meth – How does it work? Increases levels of dopamine in brain Dopamine is involved in reward, motivation, the experience of pleasure, and motor function Meth’s ability to release dopamine rapidly in reward regions of the brain produces the euphoric “rush” Effects - Meth Long Term: Anxiety Confusion Insomnia Mood disturbances Violent behavior Paranoia Hallucinations Delusions (Exp: the sensation of insects crawling under the skin) Chronic Use: Chemical & molecular changes in the brain Reduced motor skills Impaired verbal learning Severe structural and functional changes in areas of the brain associated with emotion & memory Additional Effects - Meth Increased wakefulness Increased physical activity Decreased appetite Increased RR Rapid HR Irregular heart beat Increased BP Increased body temp Extreme weight loss Especially in face Severe dental problems (“meth mouth”) Skin sores caused by scratching. Increased risk of contracting HIV & Hep B & C Heroin Highly addictive Made from the resin of poppy plants (like opium and morphine) Opium is refined to make morphine, then further refined into different forms of heroin Injected, smoked, or sniffed Heroin – How does it work? When it enters the brain, heroin is converted back into morphine Then it binds to opioid receptors located in areas responsible for the perception of pain & reward; BP, arousal, & respiration Heroin overdoses frequently involve a suppression of breathing Users report feeling a surge of euphoria (“rush”) accompanied by dry mouth, a warm flushing of the skin, heaviness of the extremities, and clouded mental functioning Following this initial euphoria, the user goes “on the nod,” an alternately wakeful and drowsy state. Effects - Heroin “Rush” Slowed breathing Clouded mental functioning Nausea and vomiting Sedation; drowsiness Hypothermia Body temperature lower than normal Coma or death Due to overdose Bad teeth/Inflammation of gums Itching Weakening of the immune system Partial paralysis Impotence in men Loss of memory Depression Pustules on the face Loss of appetite Insomnia LSD Powerful hallucinogen Manufactured from fungus that grows on rye & other grains Tablets, pills, liquid, & absorbent paper Disrupts flow of serotonin between nerves The serotonin system is involved in: Controlling mood, hunger, body temp, sexual behavior, muscle control & sensory perception Effects - LSD Mood swings Delusions Hallucinations Altered sense of time & self Mix up senses (‘hear colors’ & ‘see sounds’) Panic/Fear (terrifying thoughts) Feelings of despair Fear of losing control Fear of insanity & death Dilated pupils Increased body temp, Increased HR Increased BP Loss of appetite Sleeplessness Tremors Cocaine/Crack A powdered drug from the leaves of the coca plant Snorted, injected, or smoked Generations of So. American Indians have chewed its leaves for incr. strength & energy 1800’s: used as an anesthetic & to prevent excess bleeding during surgery Early 1900’s: people realized it was highly addictive, & non-medical use of the drug was banned in 1914 Cocaine - How does it work? Prevents dopamine reabsorption by attaching to the dopamine transporter Dopamine builds up in the synapse and continues to stimulate the receptor, creating lingering feelings of exhilaration/euphoria Cocaine How Addiction Happens When effects wear off, leaves person feeling letdown & depressed, resulting in a desire to smoke more crack in order to feel good again The brain responds to the dopamine overload by either destroying some of it, making less of it or shutting down its receptors After a while, crack users become less sensitive to it and they must take more and more of it to achieve the desired effect Eventually, they cannot stop taking the drug because their brains have been "rewired" -- they actually need it in order to function Cocaine – Effects Feeling energized More alert More sensitive to sight, sound, & touch Restless/Anxious Paranoia Delusional behavior Nausea Loss of appetite Heart attack Stroke Increased HR, BP & Temp Seizures Respiratory failure Severe mental disorders Extreme aggression Combined w/ alcohol = potentially lethal toxic chemical in liver