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Middle Ages: 500 C.E. – 1500 C.E. CH. 13 Invasions Trigger Change Germanic invaders attacked the Roman Empire beginning in the 5th century..how did it affect the nowfallen empire? Disruption of trade Downfall of cities Population shifts Decline of learning Increase in languages Germanic Kingdoms Emerge Roman Law Germanic Law Loyalty to public government Loyalty to family ties Written law code No written law codes Citizenship Oral traditions Emperor/Caesar Warrior society Chiefdoms Kingdom of the Franks Kingdom under Clovis Converted kingdom to Christianity Roman church supported and helped Clovis invade other Germanic kingdoms Religion in Frankish Kingdom Christian Built Monasteries Became centers of learning and education Government centered in Rome Gregory 1: broadened authority of the Pope; became secular European Empire Evolves Most of “Europe” had splintered into tiny kingdoms; exception Frankish Kingdom which grew to modern-day France Charles Martel: palace mayor, defeated the Muslims at Battle of Tours Pepin the Short: son of Martel, became king with cooperation of the Pope, began the Carolingian dynasty Charlemagne: Charles the Great, re-built the Roman Empire, took the title of “Holy Roman Emperor” Charlemagne’s Achievements Spread Christiniaty Solidified relations bw Church and State Lilmited authority of nobility Expanded education throught empire Individual Work/Homework Finish Ch. 13 using the SQR Method Scan, Question, Read Age of Feudalism Why? Invasions! New Social Order emerges Manor System = Economic System Invasions disrupt order Charlemagne's Empire destroyed by various nomadic invasions Vikings: descended from Scandinavia, sea-faring acted as traders, farmers, explorers Magyars: nomadic tribe from the East, captured people to be sold as slaves Muslims: struck from the South, disrupted trade Result: Centralized power broke down, local rulers gained power, military power became important Feudal Structure A political and social system based on mutual obligations Lord controls land, grants a fief to a vassal in exchange for military protection Three classifications: Those who fought: nobles and knights Those who prayed: clergy Those who worked: peasants and serfs Social class was inherited Serfdom: at the bottom of the social class, labor similar to slaves but could not be bought or sold. Manor System The Economic system of Middle Ages The Manor = the Lord’s estate, included farmlands, market, church, serf/peasants homes Peasants rarely left the manor, paid taxes on all aspects of life; marriage, education, grinding flour, crops, medical necessities The Church Wields Power Combined spiritual and political powers Unifying force for Medieval Europe Conflicts: Church vs State Church structure Similar to Feudalism Power was based on status amongst the clergy Pope -> bishops -> local priests Religion Unifies Europe Church provided a sense of security during turmoil Bonded social divisions of the Manor system Local church held importance as social center Church as Government Canon Law: law of the church, abided by all Medieval Christians Established courts, punishments Ex-communication: used as the ultimate punishment and threat against Kings Church and HRE Otto the Great: Most effective ruler of Germany Imitated Charlemagne Formed close alliance with the Pope Used church power to defeat German princes Invaded Italy: crowned Emperor Holy Roman Empire: German-Italian Empire Resented by Italian nobles Later Pope’s believed German rulers too powerful Clash of Power Lay Investiture: the power of kings and nobles to appoint church officials Banned by Pope Gregory IV in 1075 Henry IV ex-communicated by Gregory Canossa: Gregory forgives Henry Concordant of Worms: Only the church can grant a Bishop his title, Emperor has power to veto the appointment Results: German princes gained back much of their power lost under Otto the Great Frederick I Ruler of Germany, 1152 Repeatedly invaded cities of Italy Italian merchants + Pope vs. Frederick , defeated Germany in 1176 Results: German princes continued the weak royal authority, fell behind England and France in establishing centralized control.