Download stem changing verbs e:i - Haverford School District

Spanish III
Realidades-2
El 7 de febrero
2017
Capítulo 1A
Palabras de la clase y al cambiar el horario escolástico
Using Vocabulary of activities in a
school and Stem -changing verbs
Objetivo To write a Schedule for clases and to
request a Schedule change using stem-changing verbs
including Poder, Empezar aand Pedir, querer
Ejemplo:
Yo quiero cambiar mi horario escolástico. Necesito
la clase de matemáticas que empieza a las once
menos veinte todos los días de la semana. Quiero
cambiar la clase mañana.
Gracias.
Actividades de clase:
Students l
Las Obras y eventos de la clase
1. A la pizarra
2. Obras
3. A hablar Tasaciones - Assessments
4. Realidades 2
Videohistoria
Página 20-Página 21
A. Estudiantes leen juntos en alta voz
(students read aloud to each other and work
together to understand what goes on in the
story. They note the Vocabulary and verbs
used.)
Las clases
El arte
Las ciencias naturales
La educacìon fisica
El español
Las matemáticas
La tecnología
El Inglés
El Francés
Gimnasio
Salud
B. VIDEO LEEN EL VIDEO.
(students watch the video of the story)
C. ¿Comprendiste? Los estudiantes hacen la
actividad y contestan las preguntas.
(The students copy the sentences and
answer the questions of the activity .)
D. Hacemos las correcciones a la piazrra.
(Students correct their papers and the
correct responses are written on the
board.)
4. MANOS A LA OBRA Página 22 Actividad 4
Escribir y hablar
Para decir mas:
El álgebra
El Biología
La física
La geografía
La geometría
La historia
¿Qué tienen que hacer?
El literatura
La química
Opción
Página 23
Actividad 5 ¡Tantas Actividades!
Expresions
Hacer proyectos
Hacer preguntas
Aprernder de memoria
Dar discursos
Escribir informes
Trabajar en el laboratorio
Stem-Changing Verbs
Poder
Querer
Empezar
Pedir
entender
pensar
preferir
servir
repetir
costar
dormir
Stem Changing Verbs:
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: E:IE
Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts: the
ending and the stem. In the following examples, the
stem is underlined and the ending is in bold.
hablar
comer
vivir
With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the
ending changes as they are conjugated.
hablo
como
vivo
hablas
comes
vives
habla
come
vive
hablamos
comemos
vivimos
habláis
coméis
vivís
hablan
comen
viven
With some verbs, the stem also changes when you
conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three
groups of stem-changing verbs:
o:ue
u - ue
jugar
e:ie
e:i
With the second group of stem-changing verbs, the
letter e in the stem changes to ie in all forms except
the nosotros and vosotros.
Cerrar
Cierro
cierras
cierra
cerramos
cerráis
cierran
Here’s another e:ie stem changing verb. Compare it
to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings
are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing
verbs.
entender (e:ie)
entiendo
entiendes
entiende
entendemos
entendéis
entienden
Here’s another e:ie stem-changing verb. Notice how
the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and
vosotros forms.
Students are presented with these examples of stem
changing verbs in Spanish from the website:
Here is a list of common e:ie stem-changing verbs.
encender
to light, kindle
advertir
to advise, warn
entender
to understand
cerrar
to close, shut
comenzar
to begin
mentir
to lie
consentir
to consent
negar
to deny
convertir
to convert
pensar (en)
to think about
defender
to defend
perder
to lose
empezar
to begin
preferir
to prefer
STEM-CHANGING
VERBS: O:UE
o:ue
With the first group of stem-changing verbs, the
letter o in the stem changes to ue in all forms except
the nosotros and vosotros.
Contar
Cuento
cuentas
cuenta
contamos
contáis
cuentan
Here’s another o:ue stem changing verb. Compare it
to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings
are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing
verbs.
mover (o:ue)
muevo
mueves
mueve
movemos
movéis
mueven
Here’s another o:ue stem-changing verb. Notice how
the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and
vosotros forms.
dormir (o:ue)
duermo
duermes
duerme
dormimos
dormís
duermen
Here is a list of common o:ue stem-changing verbs.
almorzar
to eat lunch
morir
to die
mostrar
to show
colgar
to hang
mover
to move (an object)
contar
to count, to tell
probar
to prove, test, sample, taste
costar
to cost
recordar
to remember
devolver
to return (an object)
resolver
to solve
volver
to return (from someplace)
rogar
to beg, pray
sonar
to sound, ring
encontrar
to find
soñar (con)
to dream (about)
envolver
to wrap
tostar
to toast
morder
to bite
volar
to fly
STEM-CHANGING
VERBS:
o:ue
e:ie
e:i
E:I
With the third group of stem-changing verbs,
the letter e in the stem changes to i in all forms
except the nosotros and vosotros.
Repetir
repito
repites
repite
repetimos
repetís
repiten
Here’s another e:i stem changing verb.
Compare it to the regular verb vivir. Notice that
the endings are the same for regular verbs and
stem-changing verbs.
competir (e:i)
compito
compites
compite
competimos
competís
compiten
Here’s another e:i stem-changing verb. Notice
how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros
and vosotros forms.
pedir (e:i)
pido
pides
pide
pedimos
pedís
piden
Here is a list of common e:i stem-changing
verbs.
impedir
to impede
competir
to compete
medir
to measure
conseguir
to get, obtain
pedir
to ask for, to order
corregir
to correct
perseguir
to pursue, to persecute
decir (*)
to say, tell
reír
to laugh
despedir
to dismiss, fire
repetir
to repeat
elegir
to elect
seguir
to follow, continue
freír
to fry
servir
to serve
sonreír
to smile
* Note: The verb “decir” and its derivitive
forms are irregular in the first person: yo
digo, etc.
Let’s add a flashcard for e:i stem-changers:
Mini Proyecto
Goal: LA META To write a
Schedule for clases and to request a
Schedule change using stem-changing
verbs
including Poder, Empezar aand Pedir,
querer…..
Ejemplo:
Yo quiero cambiar mi horario escolástico. Necesito
la clase de matemáticas que empieza a las once
menos tveinte todos los días de la semana. Quiero
cambiar la clase mañana.
Al fin
last Activity (Actividad final)
Students are given index cards
And on one side they write out their schedules
and on the opposite side they write a request
To their counselor to change the classes by
using the stem-changing verbs
Pedir, querer, poder, Empezar.
TAREA
¡Estudien Uds. ¡ Stem changing verbs
Realidades 2 Página 14
A VER SI RECUERDAS:
Question Words in Spanish
Interrogative Pronouns (Question Words)
Interrogative
pronouns
simply
mean question words
.
Whether or not you realize it, a question word is
actually a pronoun because it is used in place of
the noun that would be the answer to the
question.
Following is a complete list of question words.
Notice that they all have accent marks.
Most of the question words have exact equivalents
in Spanish and English. But there are a few issues
you must understand in order to use the correct
question word in context. There are three Spanish
interrogative pronouns that can be translated to the
English word what: qué,
cuál, and cómo. Unfortunately, they are not just
interchangeable, but there are some simple rules to
govern their usage.

What rule 1: Always use qué to
mean what directly in front of any noun.
¿Qué libro lee usted?
What book do you read?
¿Qué comida comen ellos?
What food do they eat?

What rule 2: Qué is used in front of any form
of the verb ser when asking for a definition or an
explanation. That is, when you're really asking
“What does it mean?” or “What is it?”

What rule 3: Cuál is used in front of any form of
the verb ser when you're asking for a choice or
specific answer. For example, consider the difference
between the following two answers to a question
about your address. The sample questions that
generate them use the es form, which means is, of the
verb ser.
A: My address is the house number, the street name, city,
state, and zip code where I live.
B: My address is 555 Kingston Lane, Carrollton, Ohio
44615.
Answer A is obviously the response to a question asking
for a definition or explanation of the word “address.” This
is the type of answer elicited from the following question:
¿Qué es dirección?
What is “your address?” (give me an explanation or
definition of address)
Answer B is clearly the type of response to the question,
“What is your address?” Any question asking for a
specific response, as in the following example, requires
the question word “ cuál.”
¿Cuál es tu dirección?
What is your address? (give me a specific place)

What rule 4:
Cómo
is often used as a
response when someone fails to hear a
comment and would like it repeated. In English
when someone says something you don't hear,
you say, “What?” If this happens in Spanish, the
one word response, “¿ Cómo?” is appropriate.
That does not, however, mean that cómo can be
used to mean “What?” in any other situation.
The importance of knowing how to ask a question is
obvious, but a large number of people tend to mix up the
question words or simply can't remember them.
Try to use mnemonic (memory) tricks to help you
remember the question words. The following examples
are silly, and therein lies their beauty. Although they
won't elicit the exact question word, they will certainly jar
your memory. You should try to think of your own
mnemonic devices for the rest of the question words.
How did he get into a coma?
Cómo = how
Who dates Barbie? Ken!
Quién = who
What do they sell at K‐mart?
Qué = what
When can I buy a condo?
Cuándo = when
Most questions that have a question word are created
exactly like a yes or no question with the question word in
front. Take the question “Does he speak Italian?” ¿Habla
él italiano? There are several question words that could
be placed in front of the question to elicit more
information than a yes or no answer.
The following examples show how different question
words can elicit different answers:
¿Cómo está tu familia?
How is your family?
¿Dónde habla él italiano?
Where does he speak Italian?
¿Cuándo habla él italiano?
When does he speak Italian?
¿Por qué habla él italiano?
Why does he speak Italian?
All of the sample questions can be created simply by
switching the subject and the verb to create a yes or no
question and then placing the specific question word in
front.
HAY QUE…
/
TENER + QUE…..
TENER QUE, HAY QUE
Tener que + infinitive is one way to express
obligation or necessity. This expression can be
translated as “someone has to do something.” Tener
is conjugated according to the subject of the
sentence.
Tengo que comer las verduras.
I have to eat the vegetables.
Ángel tiene que leer el periódico.
Ángel has to read the newspaper.
Ellos tienen que comprar una revista.
They have to buy a magazine.
Hay que + infinitive is used to
express the idea of “one must do something” or, “it is
necessary to do something.” It is a more general
expression and since there is no subject, the verb
form hay is always used.
Hay que tomar un taxi.
It is necessary to take a taxi.
Hay que estudiar mucho.
One must study a lot.
These examples illustrate the contrasting uses of
these two expressions:
María tiene un examen el lunes. Ella tiene
que estudiar.
María has a test on Monday. She has to study.
No es fácil aprender el español. Hay
que practicar mucho.
It isn’t easy to learn Spanish. It is necessary to
practice a lot.
Stem-changing verbs in spanish
STEM-CHANGING
VERBS: E:IE
Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts: the
ending and the stem. In the following examples, the
stem is underlined and the ending is in bold.
hablar
comer
vivir
With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and
the ending changes as they are conjugated.
hablo
como
vivo
hablas
comes
vives
habla
come
vive
hablamos
comemos
vivimos
habláis
coméis
vivís
hablan
comen
viven
With some verbs, the stem also
changes when you conjugate them.
In the present tense, there are three
groups of stem-changing verbs:
o:ue
e:ie
e:i
u-ue jugar
With the second group of stem-changing verbs, the
letter e in the stem changes to ie in all forms except
the nosotros and vosotros.
cerrar
cierro
cierras
cierra
cerramos
cerráis
cierran
Here’s an
other e:ie stem changing verb. Compare it to the
regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the
same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.
entender (e:ie)
entiendo
entiendes
entiende
entendemos
entendéis
entienden
Here’s another e:ie stem-changing verb. Notice how
the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and
vosotros forms.
mentir (e:ie)
miento
mientes
miente
mentimos
mentis
mienten
Here is a list of common e:ie stemchanging verbs.
acertar
to guess, get right
encender
to light, kindle
advertir
to advise, warn
entender
to understand
cerrar
to close, shut
fregar
to scrub, wash dishes
comenzar
to begin
hervir
to boil
confesar
to confess
mentir
to lie
consentir
to consent
negar
to deny
convertir
to convert
pensar (en)
to think about
defender
to defend
perder
to lose
empezar
to begin
preferir
to prefer
e:ie stem-changers (cerrar)
cierro
cierras
cierra
cerramos
cerráis
cierran
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: O:UE
Remember, there are three types of infinitives: ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts:
the ending and the stem. In the following
examples, the stem is underlined and the
ending is in bold.
hablar
comer
vivir
With regular verbs, the stem stays the same,
and the ending changes as they are
conjugated.
hablo
como
vivo
hablas
comes
vives
habla
come
vive
hablamos
comemos
vivimos
habláis
coméis
vivís
hablan
comen
viven
With some verbs, the stem also changes when
you conjugate them. In the present tense, there
are three groups of stem-changing verbs:
o:ue
e:ie
e:i
With the first group of stem-changing
verbs, the letter o in the stem
changes to ue in all forms except the
nosotros and vosotros.
Contar
Cuento
cuentas
cuenta
contamos
contáis
cuentan
Here’s another o:ue stem changing verb.
Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice
that the endings are the same for regular verbs
and stem-changing verbs.
mover (o:ue)
muevo
mueves
mueve
movemos
movéis
mueven
Here’s another o:ue stem-changing verb. Notice
how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros
and vosotros forms.
dormir (o:ue)
duermo
duermes
duerme
dormimos
dormís
duermen
Here is a list of common o:ue stem-changing
verbs.
almorzar
to eat lunch
morir
to die
aprobar
to approve
mostrar
to show
colgar
to hang
mover
to move (an object)
contar
to count, to tell
probar
to prove, test, sample, taste
costar
to cost
recordar
to remember
devolver
to return (an object)
resolver
to solve
volver
to return (from someplace)
rogar
to beg, pray
dormir
to sleep
sonar
to sound, ring
encontrar
to find
soñar (con)
to dream (about)
envolver
to wrap
tostar
to toast
morder
to bite
volar
to fly
STEM-CHANGING
VERBS: E:IE
e:i
STEM CHANGING VERBS
E:I
The main form of the verb is called the infinitive. The
infinitive consists of two parts: the ending and
the stem. The ending is the last two letters. There
are only three different endings: -ar, -er, and -ir.
The stem is everything else, except the ending.
hablar: ending = ar, stem = habl
comer: ending = er, stem = com
vivir: ending = ir, stem =viv
Some spanish verbs are called stemchangers because when they are conjugated, the
stem changes in a predictable way. In one group of
stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem
changes to i in all but the nosotros and vosotros
forms.
This particular type of stem-changing verb is found
only in -ir verbs.
pedir
yo pido
tú pides
él, ella, Ud. Pide
nosotros/as pedimos
vosotros/as pedís
ellos, ellas, Uds. Piden
Here are some common e:i stem-changing verbs.
competir
to compete
concebir
to conceive
despedir
to fire
impedir
to impede
medir
to measure
pedir
to ask for
reñir
to scold, quarrel
repetir
to repeat
servir
to serve
teñir
to color, dye, stain
vestir
to dress
Fin stem-changing verbs
¿Cómo eres tú?
Spanish Adjectives: Part I
Adjectives are frequently descriptive. That
is, most often adjectives are used to describe a
noun, or distinguish the noun from a group of
similar objects. For example, an adjective might
describe the color of an object.
the red pen
the blue pen
In Spanish, most adjectives change form,
depending upon whether the word they modify
is masculine or feminine. Notice the difference
between "the tall boy" and "the tall girl."
el chico alto
la chica alta
Adjectives also change form depending upon
whether the word they modify is singular or
plural. Notice the difference between "the tall
boy" and "the tall boys" ; "the tall girl" and "the
tall girls."
el chico alto
los chicos altos
la chica alta
las chicas altas
Many common adjectives end in -o. These
adjectives have four forms. The following words
all mean "tall":
alto
alta
altos
altas
The correct form of the adjective depends upon
the noun it modifies. Is the noun masculine or
feminine? Singular or plural?
libro rojo
red book
pluma roja
red pen
libros rojos
red books
plumas rojas
red pens
Notice how the endings of the nouns and these
adjectives are similar.
libro rojo
pluma roja
libros rojos
plumas rojas
Adjectives that end in -e also change form for
singular or plural. To form the plural, simply add
-s.
la chica inteligente
las chicas inteligentes
Adjectives that end in -e do not, however,
change form for masculine or feminine.
la chica inteligente
el chico inteligente
las chicas inteligentes
los chicos inteligentes
Similarly, most adjectives that end in a
consonant do change form for singular or
plural, but do not change for masculine or
feminine. To form the plural, add -es.
la chica popular
el chico popular
las chicas populares
los chicos populares
Let's review.
1 Adjectives that end in -o have four forms:
alto, alta, altos, altas
2 Adjectives that end in -e have two forms:
inteligente, inteligentes
Adjectives: Part II
Many adjectives of nationality end in -o. These
adjectives follow the same rules as other
adjectives ending in -o. That is, they have four
forms.
el muchacho mexicano
la muchacha mexicana
los muchachos mexicanos
las muchachas mexicanas
Many other adjectives of nationality end in a
consonant. These adjectives do not follow the
same rules as other adjectives ending in a
consonant, rather, they have a distinct feminine
form ending in -a.
el muchacho español
la muchacha española
los muchachos españoles
las muchachas españolas
There is another group of adjectives that does
not follow the normal rules. Adjectives ending in
-or, -án, -ón, or -ín also have a feminine form.
el chico hablador
la chica habladora
los chicos habladores
las chicas habladoras
el hombre trabajador
la mujer trabajadora
los hombres trabajadores
las mujeres trabajadoras
Note: Adjectives ending in "-erior" do not have
a feminine form.
Adjectives that are descriptive usually follow the
noun they describe.
el chico alto
la chica alta
los libros pequeños
las plumas rojas
Adjectives of quantity almost always come
before the noun. Such adjectives tell how much
or how many.
pocos libros
mucha energía
mucho trabajo
pocas casas
Sometimes, a descriptive adjective can precede
the noun. If the adjective is descriptive, but
speaks of a quality that is inherent and usually
taken for granted, the adjective comes first.
la blanca nieve
the white snow (snow is inherently white)
los altos picos
the tall peaks (peaks are inherently tall)
Let's review the last two lessons.
Adjectives that end in -o have four forms.
alto
alta
altos
altas
Adjectives of nationality ending in -o are no
different from other such adjectives.
guatemalteco
guatemalteca
guatemaltecos
guatemaltecas
Adjectives that end in -e have two forms.
inteligente
inteligentes
Most adjectives ending with a consonant have
two forms.
popular
populares
Adjectives of nationality ending in a consonant
have four forms.
español
española
españoles
españolas
Adjectives ending in -or, -án, -ón, or -ín have
four forms.
hablador
habladora
habladores
habladoras
Adjectives that are descriptive usually follow the
noun they describe.
casa blanca
chica alta
When an adjective speaks of a quality that is
inherent and usually taken for granted, the
adjective precedes the noun.
la blanca nieve
los altos picos
Adjectives of quantity usually come before the
noun.
pocos libros
muchos libros
Days of the Week
In Spanish-speaking countries, the
week begins on Monday.
lunes
Monday
martes
Tuesday
miércoles
Wednesday
jueves
Thursday
viernes
Friday
sábado
Saturday
domingo
Sunday
SER
In Spanish, there are two verbs that
can be translated as "to be." These
two verbs are ser and estar. This
lesson will not focus on their correct
usage; rather, it is designed to give
you lots of practice conjugating these
two verbs. For detailed explanations
of when to use ser and when to use
estar, see the following lessons:
Ser and estar - the fundamentals
Uses of ser
Uses of estar
Contrasting uses
For these quizzes, you only need
know how to conjugate ser and estar.
estar
ser
estoy
estás
está
estamos
estáis
están
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
This list isn't complete, but it includes
most Spanish- and English-speaking
countries as well as countries you're
most likely to see in Spanish-language
news reports.
Alemania (Germany) — alemán
Argentina — argentino
Australia — australiano
Austria — austriaco, austríaco
Bélgica (Belgium) — belga
Bolivia — boliviano
Brasil — brasileño
Canadá — canadiense
Chile — chileno
China — chino
Colombia — colombiano
Corea del Norte (North Korea) —
nortecoreano, norcoreano
Corea del Sur (South Korea) —
sudcoreano
Costa Rica — costarricense,
costarriqueño (uncommon),
Cuba — cubano
Dinamarca (Denmark) — danés
Ecuador — ecuatoriano
Egipto (Egypt) — egipcio
El Salvador — salvadoreño
Escocia (Scotland) — escocés
España (Spain) — español
Estados Unidos (United States) —
estadounidense
Filipinas (Philippines) — filipino
Francia — francés
Gales (Wales) — galés
Gran Bretaña (Great Britain) —
británico
Grecia (Greece) — griego
Guatemala — guatemalteco
Haití — haitiano
Honduras — hondureño
la India — indio, hindú
Inglaterra (England) — inglés
Irak, Iraq — irakí, iraquí
Irán — iraní
Irlanda — irlandés
Israel — israelí
Italia (Italy) — italiano
Japón — japonés
Marruecos (Morocco) — marroquí
México, Méjico — mexicano, mejicano
Nicaragua — nicaragüense
Noruega (Norway) — noruego
Nueva Zelanda (New Zealand) —
neozelandés
Países Bajos (Netherlands) —
holandés
Palestina — palestino
Panamá — panameño
Paraguay — paraguayo
Perú — peruano
Polonia (Poland) — polaco
Portugual — portugués
Puerto Rico — puertorriqueño
la República Dominicana (Dominican
Republic) — dominicano
Rusia — ruso
Sudáfrica (South Africa) — sudafricano
Suecia (Sweden) — sueco
Suiza (Switzerland) — suizo
Taiwan — taiwanés
Uruguay — uruguayo
Venezuela — venezolano
Comjugation regular Spanish Verbs
Regular Spanish
Verbs
In Spanish, there are three categories of
verbs. The category is determined by
the last two letters of the infinitive:
-ar verbs (like hablar)
-er verbs (like comer)
-ir verbs (like vivir)
The infinitive is the base form of the
verb, such as to speak, to eat, to live,
In Spanish, all
infinitives end in
-ar, -er, or -ir.
etc.
-ar verb
hablar (to speak)
-er verb
comer (to eat)
-ir verb
vivir (to live)
To conjugate a verb means to
manipulate the infinitive so that it agrees
with the different possible subjects. Here
is the present tense conjugation of the
infinitive "to speak":
to speak
I speak
you speak
he speaks
she speaks
we speak
you-all speak
ALL OF YOU speak
they speak
The present tense in Spanish can mean
three things.
The Spanish phrase
"yo hablo" can
mean:
yo hablo
I speak
yo hablo
I do speak
yo hablo
I am speaking
Many Spanish verbs are completely
regular, meaning that they follow a
specific pattern of conjugation. In this
lesson you will learn to conjugate
regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs (in the
present tense). Before you can do that,
you must memorize the following
subject pronouns.
yo (I)
tú (you - informal)
VOS= very polite
él (he)
ella (she)
usted (you - formal)
nosotros/nosotras (we)
vosotros/vosotras (you-all - informal)
ellos/ellas (they)
ustedes (you-all formal)
Tú = you familiar
VOS= You but VERY polite
Old Spanish but still used in
Many countries - in Central and
South America America
Such as- Uruguay , Argentina……
For a review of the subject pronouns,
click here.
Spanish infinitives are divided into two
parts: the ending and the stem. The
ending is the last two letters.
Remember, all infinitives end in -ar, -er,
or -ir. The stem is everything that's left
after you remove the ending.
habl + ar = hablar
com + er = comer
viv + ir = vivir
In this lesson, we will use three model
verbs: hablar, comer, and vivir. In
Spanish, you conjugate verbs by
changing the ending. If the subject is I
(yo), conjugate by dropping the ending
and add -o.
yo hablo (hablar - ar + o = hablo)
I speak, I am speaking, I do speak
yo como (comer - er + o = como)
I eat, I am eating, I do eat
yo vivo (vivir - ir + o = vivo)
I live, I am living, I do live
If the subject is you - informal (tú),
conjugate by dropping the ending and
add -as (for -ar verbs) or -es (for -er and
-ir verbs).
tú hablas (hablar - ar + as = hablas)
you speak, you are speaking, you do
speak
tú comes (comer - er + es = comes)
you eat, you are eating, you do eat
tú vives (vivir - ir + es = vives)
you live, you are living, you do live
If the subject is he (él), she (ella) or you
- formal (usted), conjugate by dropping
the ending and add -a (-ar verbs) or -e (er and -ir verbs).
él/ella/usted habla (hablar - ar + a =
habla)
he speaks, she is speaking, you (formal)
do speak
él/ella/usted come (comer - er + e =
come)
he eats, she is eating, you (formal) do
eat
él/ella/usted vive (vivir - ir + e = vive)
he lives, she is living, you (formal) do
live
If the subject is we (nosotros/nosotras),
conjugate by dropping the ending and
add -amos, -emos, or -imos, depending
on whether the verb is -ar, -er or -ir.
nosotros hablamos (hablar - ar + amos
= hablamos)
we speak, we are speaking, we do
speak
nosotros comemos (comer - er + emos
= comemos)
we eat, we are eating, we do eat
nosotros vivimos (vivir - ir + imos =
vivimos)
we live, we are living, we do live
If the subject is you-all - informal
(vosotros/vosotras), conjugate by
dropping the ending and add -áis, -éis,
or ís.
vosotros habláis (hablar - ar + áis =
habláis)
you-all speak, you-all are speaking, youall do speak
vosotros coméis (comer - er + éis =
coméis)
you-all eat, you-all are eating, you-all do
eat
vosotros vivís (vivir - ir + ís = vivís)
you-all live, you-all are living, you-all do
live
If the subject is they (ellos/ellas) or youall - formal (ustedes), conjugate by
dropping the ending and add -an (-ar
verbs) or -en (-er and -ir verbs).
ellos/ellas/ustedes hablan (hablar - ar +
an = hablan)
they speak, they are speaking, you-all
(formal) do speak
ellos/ellas/ustedes comen (comer - er +
en = comen)
they eat, they are eating, you-all (formal)
do eat
ellos/ellas/ustedes viven (vivir - ir + en =
viven)
they live, they are living, you-all (formal)
do live
As you can see, to conjugate regular -ar
verbs, simply drop the ending (-ar) and
add one of the following:
-o
-as
-a
-amos
-áis
-an
To conjugate regular -er verbs, simply
drop the ending (-er) and add one of the
following:
-o
-es
-e
-emos
-éis
-en
To conjugate regular -ir verbs, simply
drop the ending (-ir) and add one of the
following:
-o
-es
-e
-imos
-ís
-en
•
List of some regular- ar -er and -ir verbs
Here’s a list of some common regular ar, -er, and -ir verbs:
-ar verbs
alquilar..................... amar
........................ andar .......................
ayudar ..................... bailar
....................... buscar ......................
caminar.................... cantar ......................
cocinar..................... comprar
................... dejar ........................ desear
...................... enseñar.................... entrar
(en)................ enviar.......................
escuchar .................. esperar.....................
estudiar.................... firmar.......................
ganar ....................... gastar ......................
hablar ......................
lavar......................... llegar
....................... llevar........................
mandar .................... mirar........................
necesitar ..................
olvidar...................... pagar
....................... practicar...................
preguntar................. preparar ...................
regresar ................... saludar.....................
tocar ........................
tomar....................... trabajar ....................
viajar........................ visitar
.......................
to rent
to love
to walk
to help
to dance to look for to walk
to sing
to cook
to buy
to allow,
to leave
to desire
to teach
to enter (into)
to send
to listen to
to hope,
to wait for
to study
to sign
to win,
to earn
to spend money
to speak, to talk
to wash
to arrive
to wear,
to carry
to order
to watch,
to look at
to need
to forget
to pay for
to practice
to ask
to prepare
to return
to greet
to touch,
to play an instrument
to take,
to drink
to work
to travel
to visit
-er verbs
aprender .................. to learn beber
....................... to drink comer
...................... to eat comprender .............
to understand correr ....................... to run
creer ........................ to believe
deber ....................... to have to, to owe
esconder .................. to hide
leer .......................... to read
meter en .................. to put into
poseer...................... to possess, to own
prometer.................. to promise
romper..................... to break
temer....................... to fear
vender ..................... to sell
-ir verb
abrir......................... to open
admitir ..................... to admit
asistir a .................... to attend
cubrir ....................... to cover
decidir...................... to decide describir
................... to describe
descubrir.................. to discover
discutir..................... to discuss
escribir ..................... to write
existir ....................... to exist
omitir....................... to omit
partir........................ to divide
permitir.................... to permit
recibir ...................... to receive
subir ........................ to climb, to go up
sufrir ........................ to suffer
unir.......................... to unite
vivir.......................... to live
Present indicative[
Verb
Él / Ella /
Yo
Tú
Vos
s
Usted
pens piens piensa pens
piensa
ar
o
s
ás
cont cuent cuenta cont
cuenta
ar
o
s
ás
perd pierd pierde perd
pierde
er
o
s
és
mole muel muele molé
muele
r
o
s
s
oler huelo hueles olés huele
senti sient siente sentí
siente
r
o
s
s
dor
duer duerm dorm
duerme
mir
mo
es
ís
Present subjunctive[edit]
Verb
Yo
Tú
Vos (*)
s
pens piens piense pienses /
ar
e
s
pensés
cont cuent cuente
cuentes / contés
ar
e
s
perd pierd pierda
pierdas / perdás
er
a
s
mole muel muela
muelas / molás
r
a
s
oler huela huelas huelas / olás
senti sient sienta
sientas / sintás
r
a
s
dor
duer duerm duermas /
Nosotros /
Nosotras
Vosotros /
Vosotras
pensamos
pensáis
contamos
contáis
perdemos
perdéis
molemos
moléis
olemos
oléis
sentimos
sentís
dormimos
dormís
Él / Ella /
Usted
Nosotros /
Nosotras
Vosotr
Vosotr
piense
pensemos
penséis
cuente
contemos
contéis
pierda
perdamos
perdáis
muela
molamos
moláis
huela
olamos
oláis
sienta
sintamos
sintáis
duerma
durmamos
durmái
mir
ma
as
durmás
(*) In Central America pensés, contés, etc. are used,[2] but Spanish Royal
Academy prescribes pienses, cuentes, etc., according to Rioplatense
Spanish.
Imperative[edit]
Verb
Vosotros /
Uste
Tú
Vos
s
Vosotras
d
pens piens pen
piens
pensad (*)
ar
a
sá
e
cont cuent cont
cuent
contad (*)
ar
a
á
e
perd pierd per
pierd
perded (*)
er
e
dé
a
mole muel mol
muel
moled (*)
r
e
é
a
oler huele olé oled (*)
huela
senti sient sent
sient
sentid (*)
r
e
í
a
dor
duer dor
duer
dormid (*)
mir
me
mí
ma
(*) Only used in Spain. Formal conjugations of the plural
imperative end in -d, but in colloquial use the most
common conjugation ends in -r instead: pensar, contar,
etc.
Note that sentir and dormir also undergo vowel raising.
Additional diphthongizing verbs include acordar(se),
divertir(se), doler, empezar, encontrar, entender, llover,
morir, mostrar, mover, poder, probar, querer, recordar,
sentar(se), tener, venir, volar, and volver.
Many verbs with -e- or -o- in the root do not alternate.
Common non-diphthongizing verbs include acercar(se),
beber, comer, comprar, conocer, correr, creer, deber,
dejar, entrar, esperar, lamentar, llegar, llevar, meter,
parecer, poner, prometer, quedar, regresar, responder,
suceder, temer, and tomar.
Less frequent verbs of this kind are often a source of
mistakes for children learning to speak, and also for some
adults:
• rebosar → yo *rebueso, él *rebuesa... instead of yo
reboso, él rebosa...
Vowel raising[edit]
Vowel raising appears only in verbs of the third
conjugation (-ir verbs), and in this group it affects dormir,
morir, podrir (alternative for the more common pudrir) and
nearly all verbs which have -e- as their last stem vowel
(e.g. sentir, repetir); exceptions include cernir, discernir
and concernir (all three diphthongizing).
Affected forms[edit]
The forms that exhibit the change can be described
negatively as those in which the stem vowel is not
diphthongized and the ending does not contain stressed
/í/[3] or the /ir/ sequence. In other words, vowel raising
affects the forms whose endings do not contain an i which
is not part of a diphthong, taking into account that
diphthongizing overrides vowel raising.
In effect, for diphthongizing verbs (e.g. sentir, dormir), the
vowel-raising forms are:
3 the first-person and second-person plural of the present
subjunctive (sintamos, sintáis, durmamos, durmáis);
4 the gerund (sintiendo, durmiendo);
5 the third-person singular and plural of the preterite
(sintió, sintieron, durmió, durmieron);
6 all forms of the imperfect subjunctive (sintiera/sintiese...,
durmiera/durmiese...) and of the future subjunctive
(sintiere..., durmiere...).
For non-diphthongizing verbs (e.g. pedir) it affects these
same forms (pidamos, pidáis, pidiendo, pidió, pidieron,
pidiera...), plus:
• in the present indicative, all singular forms and the thirdperson plural (pido, pides, pide, piden);
• the remaining forms of the present subjunctive (pida,
pidas, pidan);
• the tú form of the imperative (pide).
The forms which do not undergo either diphthongizing or
vowel raising are:
• the first-person and second-person plural of the present
indicative (sentimos, sentís), because these forms
have stressed /í/ in their endings.
• the infinitive (sentir), past participle (sentido), imperfect
indicative (sentía...) and the vos and vosotros/as
forms of the imperative (sentí, sentid), for the same
reason.
• the future (sentiré...) and conditional (sentiría...), whose
endings contain the /ir/ sequence.
Affected verbs[edit]
Verbs which are diphthongizing and vowel-raising include:
• those ending in -entir (sentir, mentir, arrepentirse...) and ertir (convertir, advertir...);
• those ending in -erir (herir, requerir, preferir, digerir...),
except aterir;
• venir and derived verbs (convenir, prevenir...) in the
gerund (viniendo...), as the rest of forms undergo
other overriding irregularities.
• dormir and morir.
The diphthongizing -er verb poder exceptionally
undergoes vowel rising in the gerund (pudiendo), but the
first- and second-person plural of the present subjunctive
are regular (podamos, podáis).
Non-diphthongizing vowel-rising verbs include:
those ending in -edir (medir, pedir, despedir...), -etir
(competir, repetir) and -egir (corregir, elegir...; note
forms with j before a/o such as corrijo, corrija).
those ending in -eír (reír, sonreír, freír, desleír). Double i
that would result is simplified (rieron, not *riieron or
*riyeron). Note that stressed i in contact with a/e/o
must take an acute accent (río, ríe, ría) but
monosyllabic forms of the preterite do not have it (rio,
riais, but rió and riáis also valid if you pronounce them
in two syllables).
those ending in -eñir (teñir, ceñir...). Note that unstressed
i between ñ and a vowel is dropped (tiñendo, tiñó,
tiñeron, tiñera...).
decir and derived verbs (bendecir, predecir...), in the
forms that do not undergo other overriding
irregularities.
embestir.
podrir. Note that the affected forms are equal to those
derived from the more usual infinitive pudrir, which is
regular except in the past participle podrido.
The vowel-raising verb erguir is usually diphthongizing
(with ye- forms as yergo...), not-diphthongizing forms are
however valid but rare (irgo...).
Diphthongs and hiatuses[edit]
Cambio vs. envío[edit]
Diphthongs in the infinitive may be preserved throughout
the conjugation or broken in the forms which are stressed
on the stem, depending on whether the i or u in contact
with a/e/o take the stress or not. The stressed vowel is
marked bold in the examples: cambiar > cambio, but
enviar > envío (requiring an acute accent to indicate the
resulting hiatus). The Spanish Royal Academy doesn't
consider either behaviour as an irregularity, but illustrates
each with six "regular" models, one for each possible
diphthong in the infinitive: anunciar, averiguar, bailar,
causar, peinar and adeudar for diphthong-keeping verbs
and enviar, actuar, aislar, aunar, descafeinar and rehusar
for diphthong-breaking ones. Remember that the presence
of a silent h does not break a diphthong, so a written
accent is needed anyway in rehúso.
All verbs ending in -guar are diphthong-keeping, as well as
saciar, desairar, restaurar and reinar. Note that two
dipththongs are kept in desahuciar > desahucio (again the
-h- makes no difference), which thus follows both the
anunciar and causar models.
Diphthong-breaking verbs include ahincar, aislar, aunar,
aullar, maullar, aupar, aliar, vaciar, contrariar, evaluar,
habituar, reunir. The verbs criar, fiar, guiar, liar and piar
are also diphthong-breaking (crío, guíe), but when the
stress falls on the endings the resulting forms are
generally considered as monosyllables and thus written
without accent: crie, fie, guiais, lieis.... In spite of that, you
can follow the regular accentuation rules if you pronounce
these forms as bisyllabic: crié, guiáis...
For the verbs licuar and adecuar both options are valid:
adecuo or adecúo.
Note that the ui diphthong in cuidar is kept throughout the
conjugation despite the fact of the i getting the stress in
forms such as cuido (written without stress mark).
Verbs ending in -uir and -oír[edit]
All verbs ending in -uir (e.g. construir, disminuir, distribuir)
add a medial -y- before all endings not starting with i:
construyo, construyes, construya... Taking into account
that these verbs also undergo the change of unstressed
intervocalic i to y (see orthographical changes above),
they have many forms containing y.
This also applies to the forms of oír and desoír that do not
undergo the -ig- change: oyes, oye, oyen
Again, note that some regular forms of fluir, fruir and huir
are written without stress mark if considered monosyllabic,
but may bear it if pronounced as bisyllabic: vosotros huis
or huís (present), yo hui or huí (preterite).
Note that logically argüir loses the diaeresis before y:
arguyo, arguyó...
Other common irregular patterns[edit]
Endings starting with o/a in er/ir verbs[edit]
In er and ir verbs, the first person singular of the present
indicative and the whole present subjunctive are the only
forms whose endings start with o/a instead of e/i. These
two different phonetic environments made Latin forms
evolve differently in many verbs, leading to irregularities.
Note that:
Whenever the first person singular of the present
indicative has an irregularity other than
diphthongizing, but still ends in -o, the whole present
subjunctive shares the same irregularity:
hacer > hago, haga...
lucir > luzco, luzca...
caber > quepo, quepa...
ver > veo, vea...; prever > preveo, prevea...
When the first person singular of the present indicative
does not end in -o, the present subjunctive is also
irregular, but in a different way:
ser > soy, sea...
ir > voy, vaya...
haber > he, haya
saber > sé, sepa...
G-verbs[edit]
Before o (in the first person singular of the indicative
present tense) and a (that is, in all persons of the present
subjunctive), the so-called G-verbs (sometimes "go-verbs"
or "yo-go" verbs) add a medial -g- after l and n (also after s
in asir), add -ig- when the root ends in a vowel, or
substitute -g- for -c-. Note that this change overrides
diphthongization (tener, venir) but combines with vowelraising (decir). Many of these verbs are also irregular in
other ways. For example:
salir: yo salgo, tú sales...
valer: yo valgo, tú vales...
poner: yo pongo, tú pones...
tener: yo tengo, tú tienes...
venir: yo vengo , tú vienes...
caer: yo caigo, tú caes...
traer: yo traigo, tú traes...
oír: yo oigo, tú oyes...
hacer: yo hago, tú haces...
decir: yo digo, tú dices...
asir: yo asgo, tú ases...
ZC-verbs[edit]
This group of verbs—which originated in the Latin
inchoative verbs but now includes other verbs as well—
substitute -zc- for stem-final -c- before o and a. The group
includes nearly all verbs ending in -acer (except hacer and
derived verbs), -ecer (except mecer and remecer), -ocer
(except cocer and derived verbs), and -ucir. For example:
nacer: yo nazco, tú naces...
crecer: yo crezco, tú creces...
conocer: yo conozco, tú conoces...
producir: yo produzco, tú produces...
Yacer may alternatively be conjugated with -zc- (yazco), g- (yago) or a compromise -zg- (yazgo).
Irregular forms in the future, conditional and
imperative[edit]
Some -er and -ir verbs (most G-verbs plus haber, saber,
poder and querer) also change their stem in the future and
conditional tenses. This involves:
Just dropping the infinitive e: haber → habré..., saber →
sabré..., poder → podré..., querer → querré...
Dropping the infinitive e/i and padding the resulting *-lr-/*nr- with a -d-: tener → tendré..., poner → pondré...,
venir → vendré..., valer → valdré..., salir → saldré...
Dropping the infinitive -ce- or -ec-: hacer → haré...,
deshacer → desharé..., decir → diré... Predecir,
contradecir and desdecir may share this irregularity
(prediré...) or, more commonly, use the regular forms
(predeciré). For bendecir and maldecir only the
regular forms are used (bendeciré...).
Many of these verbs also have shortened tú imperative
forms: tener → ten, contener → contén, poner → pon,
disponer → dispón, venir → ven, salir → sal, hacer → haz,
decir → di. However, all verbs derived from decir are
regular in this form: bendice, maldice, desdícete, predice,
contradice.
Anomalous stems in the preterite and derived tenses[
Some verbs (including most G-verbs) have a completely
different stem in the preterite. These stems are very old
and often are found in Latin as well. The same irregular
stem is also found in the imperfect subjunctive (both in -ra
and -se forms) and the future subjunctive. This stems are
anomalous also because:
they are stressed in the first and third persons singular,
ending in unstressed -e and -o respectively (while in
all other cases the preterite gets the stress over the
suffix).
the rest of the endings are the usual for -er/-ir verbs even
for the -ar verbs estar and andar.
in the verbs with -je preterite (conducir, decir, traer...)
unstressed i is dropped between the j and a vowel:
ellos trajeron, yo trajera... Note that this doesn't
happen with regular or vowel-raising -ger/-jer/-gir/-jir
verbs (proteger > protegieron, tejer > tejieron, corregir
> corrigieron, crujir > crujieron).
Examples:
estar → estuv-: yo estuve, tú/vos estuviste(s), él estuvo...,
ellos estuvieron; yo estuviera...
andar → anduv-: yo anduve, tú/vos anduviste(s), él
anduvo..., ellos anduvieron; yo anduviera...
tener → tuv-: yo tuve, tú/vos tuviste(s), él tuvo..., ellos
tuvieron; yo tuviera...
haber → hub-: yo hube, tú/vos hubiste(s), él hubo..., ellos
hubieron; yo hubiera...
caber → cup-: yo cupe, tú/vos cupiste(s), él cupo..., ellos
cupieron; yo cupiera...
saber → sup-: yo supe, tú/vos supiste(s), él supo..., ellos
supieron; yo supiera...
venir → vin-: yo vine, tú/vos viniste(s), él vino..., ellos
vinieron; yo viniera...
poder → pud-: yo pude, tú/vos pudiste(s), él pudo..., ellos
pudieron; yo pudiera...
poner → pus-: yo puse, tú/vos pusiste(s), él puso..., ellos
pusieron; yo pusiera...
hacer → hic-/hiz-: yo hice, tú/vos hiciste(s), él hizo..., ellos
hicieron; yo hiciera...
reducir → reduj-: yo reduje, tu/vos redujiste(s), él redujo..,
ellos condujeron; yo condujera...
decir → dij-: yo dije, tú/vos dijiste(s), él dijo..., ellos dijeron;
yo dijera...
Irregular past participles[edit]
A number of verbs have irregular past participles. This
includes verbs which are irregular in many other ways, as
poner and decir, but for some other verbs this is their only
irregularity (e.g. abrir, romper), while some very irregular
verbs (as ser and ir) have regular past participles.
Examples:
abrir → abierto, morir → muerto, volver → vuelto,
devolver → devuelto...
romper → roto, escribir → escrito...
ver → visto, prever → previsto, poner → puesto,
componer → compuesto...
hacer → hecho, rehacer → rehecho, decir → dicho,
predecir → predicho (but bendecir → bendecido,
maldecir → maldecido)...
pudrir → podrido.
There are three verbs that have both a regular and an
irregular past participle. Both forms may be used when
conjugating the compound tenses and the passive voice
with the auxiliary verbs haber and ser, but the irregular
form is generally the only one used as an adjective:
• freír → he freído or he frito, but papas fritas.
• imprimir → he imprimido or he impreso, but papeles
impresos.
• proveer → he proveído or he provisto, una despensa
bien provista far more usual than una despensa bien
proveída.
Others[edit]
The verbs ser (to be) and ir (to go) both exhibit
irregularities in the present, imperfect and preterite forms.
Together with ver (to see) and prever (to foresee), they
are the only four verbs with irregular imperfect indicative.
Their tú imperative forms are sé, ve (for both ir and ver,
although mirar is more common than ver in commands)
and prevé. Their vos imperative forms are sé, andá (the
verb andar replaces ir), ve and prevé.
Present indicative tense
Imperfect indicative
ser
ir
ver
prever
ser
ir
ver
prever
yo
tú
vos
él, ella
nosotros/
as
vosotros/
as
soy
eres
sos
es
som
os
voy
veo
preveo
era
iba
veía
preveía
vas
ves
prevés
eras
ibas
veías
preveías
va
vam
os
ve
vem
os
prevé
era
éram
os
iba
íbam
os
veía
veíam
os
preveía
sois
vais
veis
prevéis
erais
ibais
veíais
preveíais
ellos/as
son
van
ven
prevén
eran
iban
veían
preveían
prevemos
preveíamos
Remember that whenever the preterite is irregular, the imperfect
subjunctive (-ra and -se forms) and the dated future subjunctive (-re) share
the same irregularity; indeed, these tenses may always be correctly formed
by substituting the appropriate endings for the -ron ending of the third
person plural preterite: fueron > fuera/fuese,...; fuere....
The verbs dar (to give) and estar (to be) both exhibit irregularities in the
present indicative and present subjunctive because their stems cannot be
stressed (in dar the stem is just d-, in estar it was originally st-). The form
dé is so written to distinguish it from the preposition de. Both verbs are also
irregular in the preterite and derived tenses: dar follows the pattern of
regular -er/-ir verbs, while estar has an anomalous preterite stem and
follows the corresponding common pattern:
Present
Present
Preterite
indicative
subjunctive
dar
estar
dar
estar
dar estar
doy
estoy
dé
esté
di
estuve
yo
dist
das
estás
des
estés
estuviste
tú, vos
e
da
está
dé
esté
dio
estuvo
él, ella
damo
dim
nosotros/
estamos
demos estemos
estuvimos
s
os
as
dist estuvistei
vosotros/
dais
estáis
deis
estéis
eis
s
as
dier
estuvieron
on
• Spanish conjugation Spanish conjugator. 12,000 verbs conjugated.
• Diccionario panhispánico de dudas. Apéndice 1: Modelos de conjugación
verbal.
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and timestamp 20160814104623 and revision id 730223557 <img
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title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" />
ellos/as
dan
están
den
estén
STEM CHANGING VERBS
Stem Changing Verbs
In all three conjugations of verbs (-ar, -er, and -ir) there are some verbs
whose vowels change within the stem. These stem-changes occur in all
persons except nosotros and vosotros. These two persons maintain the
regular stem. There are six varieties of stem-changes: o->ue, e -> ie, e -> i, i > ie, u -> ue, o -> hue. Each of these is described below with examples.
1. e to ie
This is the most common stem change for Spanish verbs.
Conjugation Example
querer - to want
quiero
queremos
quieres
queréis
quiere
quieren
The Boot!
As you can see, the stem change is only applied in 1st, 2nd, 3rd person
singular and 3rd person plural, forming the shape of a boot in the
conjugation chart. The "boot" is a good way to remember which persons
have the stem change.
Some Common e -> ie Verbs
acertar
atender
to guess
to attend
to
to think
divertirse
to have fun
pensar (en)
empezar
to begin
perder
to lose
preferir
to prefer
querer
to want
(about)
to
atravesar
to cross
encender
light/ignite,
to turn on
calentar
to warm
encerrar
cerrar
to close
entender
comenzar
to begin
fregar
confesar
to
confess
to wake
scrub/wash
remendar
recommend
to
mend/patch
to sit down
sentir
to feel
sugerir
to suggest
tropezar
to stumble
(con)
(into, across)
to defend mentir
despertar
to
to
sentar (se)
defender
descend
understand
recomendar
to govern
to freeze
descender
to
gobernar
helar
to
to enclose
to lie
negar
to deny
nevar
to snow
(se)
up
2. o to ue
This is the 2nd most common stem change after e->ie.
Conjugation Example
soñar - to dream
sueño
soñamos
sueñas
soñáis
sueña
sueñan
Some Common o -> ue Verbs
to
to absolve
doler
to hurt
recordar
to agree on
dormir
to sleep
remover
to remove
almorzar
to have lunch
encontrar
to find
resolver
to resolve
aprobar
to approve
envolver
to wrap
retorcer
to twist
absolver
acordarse
(de)
cocer
to boil/bake
llover
to rain
revolver
colgar
to hang (up)
morder
to bite
rogar
conmover
to move
(emotionally)
remember
to
mix/shake
to beg
to be
moler
to grind
soler
accustomed
to
contar
to count
morir
to die
sonar
to sound
costar
to cost
mostrar
to show
soñar
to dream
demoler
to demolish
mover
to move
torcer
to twist
tronar
to thunder
demostrar
to
demonstrate/prov
poder
to be
able to
e
devolver
disolver
to return
(something)
to dissolve
probar
promover
to taste,
to prove
to
promote
3. e to i
Conjugation Example
repetir - to repeat
repito
repetimos
repites
repetís
repite
repiten
Some Common e -> i Verbs
conseguir
to get
repetir
to repeat
to
corregir
to correct reírse (de)
laugh/to
make
fun of
to fire/to
despedir
say
seguir
to follow
servir
to serve
sonreírse
to smile
goodbye
elegir
impedir
medir
perseguir
to elect
to
impede
to
measure
to follow
vestirse
to get
dressed
volar
to fly
4. i to ie
There are only only two commonly used verbs whose stem changes from i to
ie:
Conjugation Examples
adquirir - to acquire
adquiero
adquirimos
adquieres
adquirís
adquiere
adquieren
inquirir - to
inquire
inquier
o
inquier
es
inquier
e
inquirimos
inquirís
inquieren
5. u to ue
There is only one commonly used verb whose stem changes from u to ue,
and it is a very common verb.
Conjugation Example
jugar - to play
juego
jugamos
juegas
jugáis
juega
juegan
6. o to hue
There is only one commonly used verb whose stem changes from o to hue.
Conjugation Example
oler - to smell
huelo
olemos
hueles
oléis
huele
huelen
Affirmative and negative
commands
AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE
WORDS IN SPANISH
Palabras Affirmativas y Negativas en Español
In these notes you will learn more about negative
and affirmative words used in Spanish including
indefinite pronouns to mean nobody, nothing,
someone, something, and many more. Read the
explanations and the example sentences carefully to
be ready to complete the exercises below to practice
and to test yourself.
Libros en la biblioteca
When we want to talk about an indefinite situation, we use
an affirmative word.
When we want to talk about a negative situation, we use a
negative word.
PALABRAS
AFIRMATIVAS
algo - something
alguien - someone
alguno/a/as, algún - a,
one, any, some
PALABRAS
NEGATIVAS
nada - nothing
nadie - nobody
ningún, ninguno/a
- none
nunca, jamás siempre - always
never
nunca, jamás alguna vez - ever
never
también - also
tampoco - neither
ni … ni - neither
o … o, either … or
… nor
Alguno and ninguno must match the gender and number
of the noun they replace or modify.
Note that alguno changes to algún when used before
masculine singular nouns.
Similarly, ninguno changes to ningún when used before
masculine singular nouns.
•
•
•
Alguno de ellos. (One of them.)
Un hombre está lavando su coche. (A man is
washing his car.)
Algunos de los muchachos. (One of the boys.)
•
Algunos hombres están lavando el coche. (Some
men are washing the car.)
•
Algunas mujeres están lavando el coche. (Some
women are washing the car.)
•
Algún libro se perdió en la biblioteca. (A book
was lost in the library.)
•
Algún hijo se perdió en el parque. (A boy was lost
in the park.)
•
No hay ningún libro en las mesa. (There is no
book on the table.)
Note that if you are including the masculine noun, you will
use the words algún or ningún. But if you are not including
the masculine noun because it is already known, it was
already mentioned, etc, you use the form alguno and
ninguno.
¿Están todos los libros en la biblioteca? No,
alguno se perdió.
8
(Are all the books in the library? No, one was
lost.)
9
¿Están todos los niños listos? No, ninguno está
listo.
10
(Are all the children ready? No, none of them
is ready.)
If a verb is preceded by "no", any words that follow must
be negative. A double negative is required in Spanish
when "no" precedes the verb:
•
No tenemos nada - We don’t have anything.
[Literally: we don't have nothing.]
•
No me gusta ninguna blusa - I don’t like any
7
blouse.
However, if the negative word comes before the verb, we
don't need to use "no".
•
Yo nunca veo películas de terror - I never watch
horror movies.
•
Nadie vio esa película porque era horrible Nobody watched that movie because it was horrible.
Exercise 1: Look at the pictures and answer the
questions with suitable words.
Ejercicio 1: Mira las fotos y responde las preguntas con
las siguientes palabras.
Hints: ningún (x2), algunas, algunos, ninguna, siempre,
nadie (x3).
Note: Try to use the correct written accents if you can e.g.:
á, é, í, ó, ú, ñ, ü.
If you don't know the correct answer, type '?' to reveal it.
1. ¿Hay alguna persona en el mar? - Sí hay
personas.
2. ¿Hay algún tiburón en el mar? - No, no hay
tiburón
en el mar.
3. ¿Hay mucha gente en el verano? hay mucha gente
en el verano.
4. ¿Hay alguien en la playa? - No, no hay
en la playa.
5. ¿Algunas personas juegan en el mar? - No,
juega
en el mar.
6. Me parece que no hay
joven en este parque.
7. Sí, hay
jóvenes en el parque. ¡Mira!
8.
mujer está usando vestido.
9. ¿Alguien está comiendo? - No,
está comiendo.
Exercise 2: Classify these words as affirmative or
negative.
Ejercicio 2: Clasifica estas palabras como positivas o
negativas
1. Algo
Afirmativo Negativo --2. Nada
Afirmativo Negativo --3. Alguien
Afirmativo Negativo --4. Siempre
Afirmativo Negativo --5. Nadie
Afirmativo Negativo --6. Tampoco
Afirmativo Negativo --7. Nunca
Afirmativo Negativo --8. Ni
Afirmativo Negativo --9. Alguno
Afirmativo Negativo --10. También
Afirmativo Negativo --11. Ninguno
Afirmativo Negativo --Exercise 3: Complete the Spanish sentence to mean
the same as the English.
Ejercicio 3: Lee las oraciones en inglés y completa las que
están en español para que tengan el mismo significado.
Hints: alguien, alguno, algún, algunos, nada, nadie, no,
nunca, siempre, tambien, tampoco
Note: Try to use the correct written accents if you can e.g.:
á, é, í, ó, ú, ñ, ü.
If you don't know the correct answer, type '?' to reveal it.
1. I do not have anything in my backpack. - No tengo
en mi mochila.
2. I always eat spaghetti. - Yo
como spaghetti.
3. I never drive a Ferrari. - Yo
conduzco una Ferrari.
4. Nobody is dancing. está bailando.
5. Someone is knocking on the door. está golpeando
la puerta.
6. I like ice-cream and I also like chocolate. Me gusta el
helado y
me gusta el chocolate.
7. I have some books on the shelf. - Tengo
libros en el
estante.
8. I don’t have a blue car. tengo un auto azul.
9. - Me neither. - Yo
.
Exercise 4: Choose the correct word.
Ejercicio 4: Elige la palabra correcta.
1. Visitaste alguna vez México? - No,
nunca
siempre
he visitado México.
2. ¿Hablas con tus amigos? - Sí,
siempre
nunca
hablo con mis amigos.
3. ¿Hay alguien que sepa hablar francés en la clase? - Sí,
hay
nadie
alguien
que sabe hablar francés.
4. ¿
Algún
Alguno
niño puede correr rápido?
5. No,
ningún
ninguno
puede correr rápido.
6.
Nadie
Alguien
vino a la fiesta, fue muy aburrida.
7. Sí, y
no había ningún
no había nada
nadie había ningún
nadie había nada
para comer.
8. ¿No tienes los cuadernos? - No, y
también
tampoco
tengo el diccionario.
9. ¿Vas a la escuela? - No,
tampoco
no
voy a la escuela, voy a la universidad.
Exercise 5: Complete with a suitable word
Ejercicio 5: Completa con una palabra adecuada.
Hints: algún, alguno, algunos, alguien, ningún, ninguna,
nada, nadie, nunca.
1. La clase de matemáticas es muy difícil, no
comprendo
.
2. Estoy asombrado,
había visto a una mujer tan
bonita.
3. Estoy muy triste porque
vino a mi fiesta.
4. ¿Hay
que pueda leer la mente?
5. ¿Hay
planeta llamado Capricornio?
6. ¡No! ¡No hay
planeta llamado Capricornio!
7. No hay
que pueda volar como Superman.
8. Asombrosamente,
estudiante aprobó el examen
porque no estudiaron.
9.
jóvenes quieren ir a la fiesta.