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Page 5 45. A(n) ELEMENT is a pure substance that can not be broken down into any other substance by some physical or chemical method and from which all more complex forms of matter or substances are made when they are combined together in different ways and in different amounts. P. 9, 70, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 46. The smallest particle of any element that you can have which still possesses all of the physical and chemical properties of that element is a single ATOM of that element. P. 10, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 47. Nearly 2000 years ago the Greek philosopher DEMOCRITUS gave us the word atom when he said that all matter was composed of tiny indivisible particles called “atomos.” P. 73, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 48. At the present time about 118 different elements have been discovered and officially recognized and named. P. 84 - 85, VCR: Atoms and Molecules, VCR: Changes in Properties of Matter 49. An orderly arrangement of the 118 different elements on a chart according to each element’s unique chemical symbol, atomic number, atomic mass number, and physical and chemical properties is called the PERIODIC TABLE of elements. P. 82, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 50. The periodic table of elements was originally created by a Russian chemist named DMITRI MENDELEEV and later it was modified and changed to the modern version of the periodic table that we use today by a British chemist named HENRY MOSLEY P. 81 51. Each element found on the periodic table of elements has a unique single letter (Hydrogen – H), two letter (Helium – He ) or three letter (Unnilquadiam – Unq) abbreviation which is called the CHEMICAL SYMBOL of that element. P. 83 52. JONS BERZELIUS created the unique one, two or three letter chemical symbol for each element. 53. In addition to each element having a unique chemical symbol each element found on the periodic table of elements also has a unique ATOMIC number and ATOMIC MASS number P. 83, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 54. The atomic number of an element is usually always SMALLER in numerical value than the atomic mass number of that element. P. 83, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 55. The atomic number of the element 10.811 B 5 is 5 . P. 83, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 56. On the periodic table of elements those elements which have an atomic number of 1 (Hydrogen) to 92 (Uranium) are naturally occuring elements which can be found to exist somewhere in the earth’s land, water, or air. 57. On the periodic table of elements those elements which have an atomic number of 93 (Neptunium) to 118 (Ununoctium) are synthetic or man made elements which have a very short life span that only allows them to be made in a laboratory under very special conditions. 58. The atomic MASS NUMBER of an element is a measurement of the average mass of all the different kinds of atoms (isotopes) of an element. P. 83, 79, 81, VCR: Atoms and Molecules Example: There are 17 different kinds of Tin (Sn) atoms (isotopes) and the average mass (atomic mass or weight) of these 17 different kinds of Tin (50 Sn 118.69) atoms (isotopes) is 118.69 Page 6 59. The atomic mass number of an element is sometimes called the element’s atomic WEIGHT. VCR: Atoms and Molecules 60. The atomic mass number or atomic weight of an element is usually always LARGER in numerical value than the atomic number of the element. P. 83, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 61. The atomic mass number or atomic weight of the element Molecules 3 Li 6.941 is 6.941 . P. 83, VCR: Atoms and 62. Any particle which composes an atom that is smaller than the atom that it composes is called a(n) SUBATOMIC particle. VCR: Atoms and Molecules 63. The four different forces which hold the subatomic particles that compose an atom of an element together are: VCR: Atoms and Molecules A. STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE B. WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE C. GRAVITY D. ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE 64. The three most important subatomic particles found in an atom of an element which determines most of an element’s physical and chemical properties and the types of physical and chemical changes that it can undergo are the PROTONS, NEUTRONS, and ELECTRONS. P. 74 - 78, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 65. The only atom of an element which does not contain at least one proton, one neutron, and one electron is an atom of the element HYDROGEN. 66. An atom of the element hydrogen contains 1 proton(s), 0 neutron(s), and 1 electron(s). 67. The subatomic particles which compose an atom of an element are found in either the NUCLEUS or the ELECTRON CLOUD of the atom. P. 75, 76, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 68. A(n) PROTON is a subatomic particle which has a positive electrical charge. P. 75, 77, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 69. Protons are only found in the NUCLEUS of an atom. P. 75, 77, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 70. The chemical abbreviation for one proton is p + and the abbreviation for seven protons is 7 p +. 71. The number of the protons found in the nucleus of an atom of an element determines nearly all of an element’s PHYSICAL properties VCR: Atoms and Molecules 72. You can NEVER change (increase or decrease) the number of PROTONS found in the nucleus of the atom of an element otherwise you would change it into an atom of a different element. 73. An atom of the element mercury (Hg) has 80 protons in its nucleus but if I removed one of those protons from its nucleus it would no long be an atom of the element mercury instead it would change into an atom of the element GOLD which has 79 protons in its nucleus. Page 7 74. A single proton has a mass of ONE Atomic Mass Unit (AMU). P. 78, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 75. One proton has approximately the same mass as one NEUTRON. P. 78, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 76. Most of an element’s atomic weight or its rounded off atomic mass number is determined by adding the total number of PROTONS and NEUTRONS found in the nucleus of an atom of that element together. P. 77, 78, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 77. The total number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of an element is equal to the ATOMIC NUMBER of that element. P. 78, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 78. How many protons are found in a neutral atom of the element P. 77, 78, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 9 F 19 9 protons 79. A(n) ELECTRON is a subatomic particle which has a negative electrical charge. P. 74, 77, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 80. The negative electrical charge of one electron is equal to but opposite the positive electrical charge of one PROTON. P. 77, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 81. The abbreviation for one electron is e -- and the abbreviation for seven electrons is 7 e -82. Electrons are only found in the ELECTRON CLOUD of an atom. P. 76, 77, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 83. The number and arrangement of the electrons found in the electron cloud of an atom determines nearly all of an element’s CHEMICAL properties. P. 125, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 84. The total number of electrons found in the electron cloud of an atom adds very little to the mass of an atom since it takes nearly 1840 electrons to equal the mass of one proton or one neutron. P. 78 85. The electrons found in the electron cloud of an atom are arranged in layers called ENERGY LEVELS, SHELLS or ORBITALS of electrons. P. 76, 125 86. The names of the different energy levels, shells or orbitals of electrons which compose the electron cloud of an atom, starting with the shell of electrons which is closest to the nucleus are the K shell, L shell, M shell, and N shell. 87. The maximum number of electrons which can be placed in the K shell or orbital of electrons is 2 . 88. The maximum number of electrons which can be placed in the L shell or orbital of electrons is 8 . 89. The maximum number of electrons which can be placed in the M shell or orbital of electrons is 18 . 90. The maximum number of electrons which can be placed in the N shell or orbital of electrons is 32 . 91. The last or outer most shell of electrons in an atom is called the VALENCE shell of electrons in that atom. P. 125 Page 8 92. The electrons which compose the valence shell of electrons in an atom are called VALENCE electrons in that atom. P.125 93. The number and arrangement of the VALENCE ELECTRONS in the valence shell of an atom of an element primarily determines if and how an atom of that element will chemically bond to another atom of an element during a chemical reaction to form a molecule of a compound. P. 125 94. The number of electrons and protons found in an atom of an element are normally the SAME since atoms of elements are usually neutral in charge. P. 77, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 95. The total number of electrons found in the electron cloud of an atom of an element is equal to the ATOMIC NUMBER of that element. P. 77 – 78, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 96. How many electrons are found in a neutral atom of the element P. 77 - 78, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 63.55 Cu 29 29 electrons 97. A(n) NEUTRON is a subatomic particle which has no electrical charge. P. 77, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 98. Neutrons are only found in the NUCLEUS of an atom. P. 77, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 99. The abbreviation for one neutron is n o and the abbreviation for seven neutrons is 7 n o . 100. A single neutron has a mass of ONE Atomic Mass Unit (AMU). and Molecules P. 78, VCR: Atoms 101. One neutron has approximately the same mass as one PROTON. P. 78, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 102. Most of an element’s atomic weight or its rounded off atomic mass number is determined by adding the total number of NEUTRONS and PROTONS found in the nucleus of an atom of that element together. P. 77, 78, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 103. The number of neutrons found in the nucleus of a neutral atom of an element is determined by rounding off the ATOMIC MASS NUMBER of that element to the nearest whole number if it hasn’t already been rounded off and then SUBTRACTING its ATOMIC NUMBER from it. VCR: Atoms and Molecules 104. How many neutrons are found in the nucleus of a neutral atom of the element P. 73 – 77, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 12 neutrons 11 Na 23 Page 9 105. Draw a planetary model of a neutral atom of the element 30 Zn 65.39 showing the total number, abbreviation, and electrical charge of the protons and neutrons found in the nucleus of that atom and the total number, abbreviation, and electrical charge of the electrons found in each of that atom’s shells. Also, don’t forget to label each shell of electrons with its appropriate letter name. 2 e -18 e -8 e -2 e -30 p+ 35 n o K L M N 106. An atom of an element which has a positive or negative electrical charge is called a(n) ION of that element. P. 131 – 132, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 107. An ion of an element is formed when ELECTRONS are added to or removed from the valence shell of a neutral atom of that element. P. 131, VCR: Atoms and Molecules Page 10 108. A(n) POSITIVE ion of an element if formed when one or more electrons are removed from the valence shell of a neutral atom of that element. P. 131 109. For each electron you remove from the valence shell of a neutral atom of an element the ion of that element will become more POSITIVE by ONE each time. P. 131 110. Draw a planetary model of a positive two ion of the element 11 B5 2e– 5p+ 6no K 111. A(n) NEGATIVE ion of an element is formed when one or more electrons are added to the valence shell of a neutral atom of that element. P. 131 Page 10 112. For each electron you add to the valence shell of a neutral atom of an element the ion of that element will become more NEGATIVE by ONE each time. P. 131 113. Draw a planetary model of a negative two ion of the element 5 B 10.811 5e– 2e– 5p+ 6no K L 114. A neutral atom of an element which has a mass that is greater than or less than the mass of a neutral atom of that element is called a(n) ISOTOPE of that element. P. 79, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 115. An isotope of an element is formed when one or more NEUTRONS are added to or removed from the nucleus of a neutral atom of that element. P. 79, VCR: Atoms and Molecules 116. A(n) HEAVY isotope of an element is formed when one or more neutrons are added to the nucleus of a neutral atom of that element. P. 79 117. Draw a planetary model of a heavy isotope of the element 3e– 5 B 11 2e– 5p+ 7no K L 118. A(n) LIGHT isotope of an element is formed when one or more neutrons are removed from the nucleus of a neutral atom of that element. P. 79 119. Draw a planetary model of a light isotope of the element 3e– 2e– 5p+ 5no K L 10.811 B 5