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The Fundamental Units of Life Classwork Name: _________________________ 7th Grade PSI 1. Using the four characteristics of living things, explain whether plants are living things or not. 2. Cells are microscopic. What does this mean? 3. Are you an organism? Explain how you know. 4. Are rocks living or nonliving? Justify your answer using the cell theory. 5. Bacteria are each composed of one cell that does not have a membrane-bound organelle. What two terms characterize bacteria? www.njctl.org 7th Grade PSI Structure, Function & Information Processing The Fundamental Units of Life Homework Name: _________________________ 7th Grade PSI 6. Where are cells found? Provide two examples of where cells are found. 7. Explain whether each of the following statements is correct or incorrect using the cell theory: a. Even very simple organisms like bacteria are composed of cells. b. The basic building blocks of a starfish are its spine, which give it its unique shape. c. When you heal from a cut, new skin cells are created from existing cells. 8. Are leaves living or nonliving? Justify your answer using the cell theory. 9. Explain the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms. Give an example of each. 10. Describe the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. www.njctl.org 7th Grade PSI Structure, Function & Information Processing Cell Structure and Function Classwork Name: _________________________ 7th Grade PSI 11. The liver is an organ that is responsible for detoxification. This means that it breaks down toxins in the body. Explain which organelle is important for the function of the liver. 12. Proteins are important molecules in the body. Some proteins help to speed up reactions; others aid in DNA replication; still others are a source of structure, such as hair and nails. Name three organelles that work with proteins in the cell. 13. The leaves of an oak tree and a rabbit’s fur are both part of living organisms. They are both multicellular and eukaryotic. Despite these similarities, however, there are also some differences between the two. Name three things that would be found in cells of an oak tree leaf but not in the cells of rabbit’s fur? What accounts for these differences? www.njctl.org 7th Grade PSI Structure, Function & Information Processing Cell Structure and Function Homework Name: _________________________ 7th Grade PSI Fill out the chart by describing each function and noting in what type of cell the structure is found. Structure Function Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell membrane Cytosol Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria Cell wall Vacuoles Chloroplasts www.njctl.org 7th Grade PSI Structure, Function & Information Processing Cell Structure and Function Classwork Name: _________________________ 7th Grade PSI Each of the following statements is an example of a type of tissue. Label each statement with the type of tissue described. 14. ______________________________ our bodies from injury and infection. Our skin cells form tissue that protect 15. ______________________________ When you put your hand on a hot stove, this type of tissue communicates with your brain and makes you quickly jerk your hand away. 16. ______________________________ food through the digestive system. The walls of the small intestine move 17. ______________________________ The pancreas is an example of an endocrine gland. This gland secretes insulin, a hormone that helps to regulate sugar in the blood. 18. ______________________________ tissue that stores fat. Adipose cells compose this type of 19. ______________________________ The heart pumps blood throughout the body and is composed of this type of tissue. 20. ______________________________ muscles to the heel bone. The Achilles tendon attaches the calf 21. ______________________________ functions, such as breathing. The tissue of the brain controls various www.njctl.org 7th Grade PSI Structure, Function & Information Processing Fill out the flowchart with the correct order of organization in the body, from smallest to largest. Define each level and include at least two examples of each. Use the following terms: tissue, organism, organ system, cell, organ. www.njctl.org 7th Grade PSI Structure, Function & Information Processing Cell Structure and Function Homework Name: _________________________ 7th Grade PSI Each of the following statements describes a component of an organ system. Label each statement with the type of system described. 22. ______________________________ When food is digested in the small intestine, nutrients pass into blood vessels, called capillaries, in the lining of the intestine. The capillaries transport the nutrients to other cells in the body. 23. ______________________________ The human rib cage consists of 24 ribs. One of the functions of the rib cage is to protect the heart. 24. ______________________________ The gallbladder is a small organ located below the liver. It releases bile, a substance that helps to digest fats. 25. ______________________________ oxygen-poor cells via the arteries. Oxygen from the lungs is transported to 26. ______________________________ The transverse abdominals are muscles that wrap around the waist and pull the body in and upwards. These muscles are important for good posture. 27. ______________________________ Alveoli are little sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. On average, the human lungs contains 700 million alveoli. 28. ______________________________ The esophagus is a hollow tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. 29. ______________________________ When playing soccer, the iliotibial band and the adductor leg muscles are essential for kicking and jumping. 30. ______________________________ Bone marrow is located in the middle of the bones and is the site of red blood cell production. 31. ______________________________ oxygen into the lungs. www.njctl.org The trachea is a hollow tube that brings 7th Grade PSI Structure, Function & Information Processing Information Processing in Living Systems Classwork Name: _________________________ 7th Grade PSI 32. Why are sensory receptors important? 33. Describe the two parts of the nervous system. 34. Sunlight shines in your window and wakes you up early Saturday morning. What type of stimulus is this and why? 35. What makes a reflex different from other stimuli? 36. You walk into the kitchen in the evening and smell food in the oven. A moment later, you start to salivate. Identify the sensory input, integration, and motor output components of this reaction. www.njctl.org 7th Grade PSI Structure, Function & Information Processing Information Processing in Living Systems Homework Name: _________________________ 7th Grade PSI 37. Bundles of nerve cells that relay information from your fingers to your spinal cord would be part of which component of the nervous system? 38. Where in the body is sensory information integrated? 39. Upon hearing a sudden, loud noise, you instantaneously startle. What type of stimulus is this and why? 40. A toddler falls down and scrapes his knee, causing him to curl into a ball and to start crying. What type of stimulus is this and why? 41. What are the three steps describing how the nervous system functions? 42. Describe an everyday example of the three steps involved in the function of the nervous system. www.njctl.org 7th Grade PSI Structure, Function & Information Processing Answer Key 1. Plants are living things because they grow; they may start as seeds and grow respond to stimuli; they may start to wilt if exposed to too much sun or harsh weather reproduce through pollination use the sun’s energy for growth and reproduction 2. Cells cannot be seen by the naked eye. They can only be seen using a microscope. 3. Yes; humans exhibit the four characteristics of living things (growth, respond to stimuli, reproduce, use energy for growth and reproduction) AND humans can function on their own. 4. Rocks are nonliving. They are not composed of cells. 5. Bacteria are unicellular and prokaryotic. 6. Cells are found in living organisms. Two examples where cells are found are humans and starfish. 7. a) Correct; All living things are composed of one or more cells even unicellular organisms. b) Incorrect; Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. c) Correct; Cells arise from other cells. 8. Leaves are living because they are composed of cells, which are the basic unit of structure and function. All leaf cells arise from other leaf cells. 9. Unicellular organisms are composed of one cell; bacteria. Multicellular organisms are composed on multiple cells; humans. 10. Prokaryotes are unicellular and have no membrane-bound organelles. They are usually smaller than eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are unicellular or multicellular, have membrane-bound organelles, and are usually much larger than prokaryotes. 11. Lysosomes because they contain enzymes that breakdown and recycle material. 12. Ribosomes, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum 13. Cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast; a rabbit contains animal cells while the oak tree contains plant cells. Structure Function Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell membrane Regulates what goes in and out of the cell. X X Cytosol Holds organelles in place inside the cell. X X Nucleus Controls the cell and houses DNA. X X Ribosomes Makes proteins. X X www.njctl.org 7th Grade PSI Structure, Function & Information Processing Endoplasmic Reticulum Serves as a pathway around the cell. X X Golgi apparatus Packages and ships proteins out of the cell. X X Lysosomes Breaks down materials. X X Mitochondria Powers the cell. Creates energy. X X Cell wall Outer covering that supports and protects the cell. X Vacuoles Stores water and salt and supports the structure. X Chloroplasts Photosynthesis – creates energy out of sunlight. X 14. Epithelial tissue 15. Nervous tissue 16. Muscle tissue 17. Epithelial tissue 18. Connective tissue 19. Muscle tissue 20. Connective tissue 21. Nervous tissue www.njctl.org 7th Grade PSI Structure, Function & Information Processing Cell •Basic unit of structure and function for all living things •Examples will vary (skin, fat, blood, etc) Tissue •Similar cells carrying out a specific function •Examples will vary (muscle, nervous, etc) Organ •A structure that contains at least two different types of tissues, functioning for a common purpose •Examples will vary (heart, ear, etc) Organ system •A group of organs functioning as a system •Examples will vary (nervous, digestive, etc) Organism •Any living thing •Examples will vary (humans, dogs,etc) 22. Circulatory 23. Skeletal 24. Digestive 25. Circulatory 26. Muscular 27. Respiratory 28. Digestive 29. Muscular 30. Skeletal 31. Respiratory 32. Sensory receptors respond to stimuli and send signals to the brain for processing. This is important to protect organisms from harm. 33. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to limbs and organs. 34. Electromagnetic because sunlight is a source of light and heat. 35. A reflex does not travel to the brain. It only travels to the spinal cord. 36. Sensory input: chemical stimulus of the smell of food. Integration: sensory receptors send information to brain. Motor output: mouth starts to salivate. 37. Peripheral nervous system 38. Brain 39. Reflex- it happens instantaneously meaning it bypasses brain processing. 40. Mechanical stimulus- because it involves pressure 41. Sensory input, integration, motor output 42. Answers will vary. www.njctl.org 7th Grade PSI Structure, Function & Information Processing