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Complete Blood Count PSI AP Biology Name: _________________________ Objective Students will examine how the immunological response affects molecules in the blood. Students will analyze three complete blood counts and create diagnoses based on them. Standard Essential Knowledge: 2D1a : Cell activities are affected by interactions with biotic and abiotic factors. 2D4 : Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis. Materials Every student needs: Activity worksheet Procedure 1. Read the worksheet. 2. Answer the Analysis and Application questions. www.njctl.org PSI AP Biology Cells: The Basis of Life Complete Blood Count Cells are affected by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors. Examples of abiotic factors include temperature, pH, and water availability. Biotic factors include pathogens that enter and/or attack an individual. When this occurs, the immune system creates a response that defends the body against the pathogen. During an immunological response, the levels of different molecules in the blood will change in response to the specific pathogen. By analyzing the molecules in the blood, medical professionals assess the health of their patients. This type of analysis is called a Complete Blood Count, or CBC. A CBC analyzes red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leucocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Erythrocytes – deliver oxygen throughout the body Red Blood Cell count (RBC) – a count of the actual number of red blood cells in a sample Hemoglobin (Hb) – a count of the hemoglobin in the sample Leucocytes – cells of the immune system that defend the body against infection White Blood Cell count (WBC) – a count of the actual number of white blood cells in a sample White blood cell differential – count the different types of white blood cells o Neutrophils – target bacteria and fungi; act as macrophages o Lymphocytes – associated with B cells, T cells and natural killer cells (release antibodies and attack viruses and tumor cells) o Monocytes – differentiate into macrophages that engulf pathogens o Eosinophils – target larger parasites o Basophils – release histamine for the inflammatory response Thrombocytes – important for the formation of blood clots Platelet count – a count of the actual number of platelets in a sample www.njctl.org PSI AP Biology Cells: The Basis of Life The following chart details conditions that would cause abnormal counts for each of the above blood counts. Test RBC Full Name Red blood cell count Low Values Called anemia. Caused by: Acute/chronic bleeding Nutritional deficiency Bone marrow disorder Kidney failure Anemia Called leukopenia. Caused by: Bone marrow disorders Autoimmune conditions Severe infections (sepsis) Immune system diseases (ex. HIV) Called neutropenia. Caused by: Sepsis Autoimmune disorder Leukemia Called lymphocytopenia. Caused by: Autoimmune disorders Infections High Values Called polycythemia. Caused by: Dehydration Pulmonary disease Smoking Hb WBC Hemoglobin White blood cell count Neu Neutrophils Lymph Lymphocytes Mono Monocytes One low count is not medically significant. Eos Eosophils Numbers are normally low. Baso Basophils Numbers are normally low. Plt Platelet count Called thrombocytopenia. Caused by: Viral infection Cirrhosis Sepsis Leukemia Caused by: Chronic infection Infection of the heart Caused by: Allergies, asthma Parasitic infections Inflammatory disorders Caused by: Rare allergic reactions Inflammation Called thrombocytosis. Caused by: Rheumatoid arthritis IBS www.njctl.org PSI AP Biology Usually mirrors the RBC results. Called leukocytosis. Caused by: Bacterial/viral infection Inflammation Leukemia Allergies, asthma Called neutrophilia. Caused by: Acute bacterial infection Inflammation Called lymphocytosis. Caused by: Acute viral infections Certain bacterial infections (pertussis, tuberculosis) Toxoplasmosis Chronic inflammatory disease Cells: The Basis of Life Analysis For the following three cases, read the patient’s description and analyze the CBC to make a diagnosis about what is causing the different cell densities. 1. Patient Description 17-year-old female is suffering from shortness of breath and exhaustion. Last year she was the MVP on her cross country team but this year she is having trouble finishing practice. CBC Test RBC Hb WBC Neu Lymph Mono Eos Baso Plt Result 3.8 8.5 7.2 4.0 2.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 275 Normal Range 4.10-5.60 12.5-17.0 4.0-10.5 1.8-7.8 0.7-4.5 0.1-1.0 0.0-0.4 0.0-0.2 140-415 Diagnosis: Why? www.njctl.org PSI AP Biology Cells: The Basis of Life 2. Patient Description Middle aged male is complaining about itchy, watery eyes, exhaustion, congestion, and body aches. CBC Test RBC Hb WBC Neu Lymph Mono Eos Baso Plt Result 4.6 14.3 15.2 4.6 10.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 115 Normal Range 4.10-5.60 12.5-17.0 4.0-10.5 1.8-7.8 0.7-4.5 0.1-1.0 0.0-0.4 0.0-0.2 140-415 Diagnosis: Why? 3. Patient Description A stay-at-home mom has a high fever and is complaining of a severely sore throat. CBC Test RBC Hb WBC Neu Lymph Mono Eos Baso Plt Result 4.2 13.0 12.8 9.5 2.4 0.6 0.2 0.1 325 Normal Range 4.10-5.60 12.5-17.0 4.0-10.5 1.8-7.8 0.7-4.5 0.1-1.0 0.0-0.4 0.0-0.2 140-415 Diagnosis: Why? www.njctl.org PSI AP Biology Cells: The Basis of Life Application 1. Why is it important to analyze the CBC as well as the patient description? 2. Explain how a low hemoglobin count can cause a person to have trouble running. 3. How does an animal’s immune system usually fight bacterial pathogens? How would this show up on a CBC? 4. Should antibiotics be given for a viral infection? Why or why not? www.njctl.org PSI AP Biology Cells: The Basis of Life