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STUDYGUIDE FOR BIOLOGY I - E 1st Semester 2016 KEY Scientific Method & Properties of Life Chapter 1 – Pgs. 2-33 1. List the steps involved in the scientific method. Observation/Question Hypothesis Experiment Analysis Conclusion 2. What is a dependent variable? What you measure/what changes based on IV 3. What is the independent variable? “I change the Independent variable” What you are changing/in control of in the experiment 4. Why is it important to test only one variable at a time during an experiment? If you test more than one variable at a time it could mess up the result because you cannot determine which variable is affecting the results 5. What is the difference between a scientific theory, a hypothesis and a law? Theory: one or more hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing Hypothesis: a reasonable guess based on what you know or observe Law: scientific principal that is always true under the same conditions EX: gravity 6. List 3 important safety rules that are used repeatedly in the lab. Follow directions, wear appropriate lab gear (goggles), no food or drink, no horseplay in lab, etc. 7. List the traits that all living organisms have in common. “REACH-N-GO” R – reproduction – all living things have the ability to reproduce (or others in their species do) E – energy – all living things use energy A – adapt – all living things adapt or respond to their environment C – cells – all living things are made of cells…the smallest living thing is made of 1 cell H – homeostasis – all living things need to maintain a stable internal environment N – nucleic acids – all living things have nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) G – growth – all living things grow throughout their lifetime (think about what you look like now compared to 10 years ago!) O – organization – all living things have the same levels of organization (atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism) 8. What is homeostasis and why is it important to living organisms? Homeostasis is maintaining internal balance. It is important because organisms can only function properly under certain conditions so they must maintain those conditions to survive. 9. What is the theory of spontaneous generation? How is this different from biogenesis? Spontaneous generation: new things (as in living things, like cells) come out of nowhere…they just “spring up” Biogenesis: new living things come from existing living things (like one cell divides into two new cells) 10. What are the levels of organization in an organism? atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism Macromolecules & Enzymes Chapter 2 – pgs. 44-53 11. Fill out the table below Macromolecule Elements Monomer Carbohydrates Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen “CHO” Monosaccharide Ex: glucose Lipids Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen “CHO” Fatty acid (Saturated & Unsaturated) Proteins Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen “CHON” Amino Acid Nucleic Acids Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus “CHONP” Nucleotide Picture 12. Describe the three types of carbohydrates and give an example of each. Monosaccharides: monomer such as glucose Disaccharide: two monomers linked together such as sucrose (table sugar) Polysaccharide: many monomers linked together to form large chains such as glycogen, cellulose, and starch 13. What is the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat? Saturated: no double bonds between carbons; solids at room temp such as butter or lard Unsaturated: double bonds between carbons; liquid at room temperature such as olive or corn oil 14. Give three examples of lipids. Fats, oils, waxes 15. Name four functions of proteins. Control rate of reactions (enzymes) Regulate cell processes Forms bones and muscles Transport substances in & out of cells Helps fight disease 16. Name two types of nucleic acids. DNA & RNA (ATP) 17. Why are enzymes important in our bodies? Catalyze (speed up) reactions in our bodies that would otherwise happen too slowly 18. Label the diagram with the following terms: active site, substrate, products and enzyme. Substrate/reactants Active Site Enzyme Products Cells & Membrane Transport Chapter 7 – pg. 169-193 19. What is a prokaryote? A cell that is simple and has NO membrane-bound organelles and NO nucleus “Pro = No!” 20. What is a eukaryote? A complex cell with organelles and a nucleus “Eu = Do!” 21. What is the job of the nucleus? Contains genetic information (DNA) and directs cell functions 22. What is the function of the ribosome, golgi body, and endoplasmic reticulum? Ribosome: makes proteins Golgi: stores, packages, and sends proteins to where they need to go ER: transports material around the cell 23. State the cell theory and the men responsible for putting all three parts of it together. All living things are made of cells – The cell is the smallest unit of life – All cells come from existing cells 24. What is a polar molecule? A charged molecule that interacts well with water (such as the polar, hydrophilic head of a phospholipid) 25. What molecule makes the cell membrane? Draw a picture and label the parts. A phospholipid! 26. Name the three types of proteins found in the cell membrane. Carrier, receptor, marker, channel 27. What is a semipermeable membrane? A membrane that only lets certain things in and out of the cell 28. Label the Cells Animal Cell Lysosome Cell Membrane Ribosome Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus Rough ER Nucleolus Central Vacuole Cell Membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Cytoplasm Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Wall Smooth Golgi Apparatus Nucleolus Chloroplast Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria ER Cytoplasm Nucleus 29. What is the difference between passive and active transport? Passive: does not require energy; occurs naturally as molecules move from high to low concentrations Active: requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient from low to high concentrations 30. List two examples of passive transport and two examples of active transport. Passive: diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion Active: endocytosis, exocytosis, and the sodium/potassium pump 31. Explain equilibrium. Concentrations are balanced and there is equal movement in and out of the cell 32. Define osmosis. Movement of WATER from areas of high concentration to low concentration 33. Identify the pictures with the conditions of osmosis (hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic). Use arrows to show the flow of water in each picture. Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic 34. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? Endocytosis = Enter – brings large amounts of material into the cell Exocytosis = Exit – a vesicle binds with the cell membrane to release a large amount of material from the cell 35. List two types of endocytosis. Phagocytosis: brings a solid particle into the cell (like “food”) Pinocytosis: brings liquid into the cell (“drinking”) MICROSCOPES: 36. Calculate the total magnification of the following (remember the eyepiece is 10x, low is 4x, medium is 10x, high is 40x): a. Low power objective: 10x4= 40 total b. Medium power objective: 10x10= 100 total c. High power objective: 10x40= 400 total 37. Label the following diagram: A – Eyepiece B – Coarse focus C – Fine focus D – Arm E – Base AE – Mirror/lamp AD – Stage clips AC – Objective (low power) AB – Revolving nosepiece Classification Chapter 18 – pgs. 447-461 38. What are the seven levels of classification in order? Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species 39. Which level of classification is the most specific? Species 40. What is binomial nomenclature and who invented it? Why? Linnaeus invented it to avoid confusion with scientifically naming organisms. It is a twoname system for giving the scientific name of an organism 41. Describe what each of the two words identifies in binomial nomenclature. Genus and species 42. What language are scientific names written in? Latin 43. Name the six kingdoms. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia 44. Name the five kingdoms. Repeat 45. Which kingdom(s) are prokaryotic? Archaebacteria and Eubacteria 46. Which kingdom(s) are autotrophs? All of Plantae, and some Protists, some Archaebacteria, and some Eubacteria 47. Which kingdom(s) are only multicellular? Fungi, Plantae, Animalia 48. Which group is the first to evolve? Theropods 49. Which groups have down feathers? Velociraptor, Archaeopteryx, & Robin 50. What feature separates Allosaurus from Sinornis? 3-toed foot & wishbone 51. Which group(s) are most distantly related to the robin? The ones with the least shared characteristics - Therapods 52. What is a dichotomous key? What is it used for? A series of steps that is used to identify a specific species (tip: look at the shark or salamander dichotomous keys for practice!) Evolution Chapter 15 – pgs. 369-386 53. Define Evolution. Process by which organisms change over time 54. Explain what is meant by “Natural Selection” Organisms that are most fit for their environment will be “selected” for and be able to survive and reproduce Remember the requirements for Natural Selection as VISTA V-Variation I-Inheritance S-Survival & reproduction T-Time A-Adaptation 55. Explain how the peppered moths are an example of natural selection. VISTA Variation – There are light colored and dark colored moths Inheritance – dark coloration and light coloration are traits that are controlled by a color gene and can be passed down from parent to offspring Survival & Reproduction – moths that blend in to the trees do not get eaten and they pass on their traits to the next generation Time – over time, the beneficial trait builds up in the population Adaptation – the population of moths with the beneficial color adaptation continue to grow and thrive while the non-beneficial colored moths decrease in the population 56. What was driving the selection of the peppered moths? The presence or absence of the factory smoke drove the natural selection of the moths. If the smoke was present, the trees were dark and therefore dark-colored moths survived. If smoke was not present, the trees were white and light-colored moths survived. 57. What was Darwin’s first observation when he traveled to the Galapagos that made him begin to think about the world around him? (Hint: finches & tortoises) Variation! He saw the variety and complexity of living things and then started comparing those differences to the differences in the environment where those organisms are found. 58. What conclusions can be drawn based on the evidence of the Fossil Record? Fossils show the gradual change in organisms over time. Transitional fossils can show ancestors of the species that live on earth today. 59. Briefly summarize what evidence for change over time exists in the knowledge of Vestigial Structures: Vestigial structures are those that are still present in organisms today, but serve no purpose. It shows that the ancestor of that organism once needed these structures, but the present day organisms does not…they are just “leftovers” from the ancestor. 60. What are some common vestigial structures that humans have? Why are they vestigial? Wisdom teeth – we now cook our food so we don’t have to have as many molars to grind and chew Tail bone – we no longer have tails Appendix, tonsils, ear muscles, etc. 61. Briefly summarize what evidence for change over time exists in the knowledge of Homologous Structures: Homologous structures are ones that have the same structures but different functions in related organisms. It shows that organisms that have the same structures, such as the bones in the picture to the right, but different functions all came from the same common ancestor. 62. What is the meaning of Analogous Structures? Structures that have similar functions, but different structures; shows no common ancestry Ex: butterfly wings and bird wings are both used for flying but are not related in structure Label the following examples as a Vestigial Structure, Homologous Structure, or Analogous Structure. 63. Both penguins and fish have fins so they can swim. Analogous 64. The appendix was once needed to break down a diet rich in plant material. However now we don’t know it is there until it causes a problem. Vestigial 65. Bats, humans, penguins, and alligators all have a similar bone structure. However, they all use the similar bone structure to perform different functions. Homologous Use the table to answer the following questions: 66. Which species is most closely related to the unknown species? Defend your answer Species IV because it has the most similarities Species DNA Sequence Unknown species Species I Species II Species III Species IV ACT GCA CCC CCA GCA CCG ACT GCT GGA ACA GCA GGG ACT GCA CCG # of similarities 6 5 4 8 67. Which species is least closely related to the unknown species? Defend your answer Species III because it has the least amount of similarities The data table to the right shows the number of amino acid differences in the hemoglobin molecule of different species. 68. Based on the number of amino acid differences, fill in the rest of the evolutionary tree from left to right. Horse Pig Gorilla Human 69. What do you notice about all the embryos from their early stage (A) to their late stage (C)? Why do they all look so similar in line A? How does this support evolution? They all look similar, and start to look different as they develop more and more. Similar species show similar embryonic development because they share a common ancestor and therefore share the DNA for developmental genes. a. carbohydrates d. lipid ac. protein b. monosaccharide e. polysaccharide ad. fatty acid bc. enzyme bd. amino acid cd. disaccharide abc. glycerol ce. metabolism abd. nucleic acids c. nucleotide ab. homeostasis ae. organic compound be. chemical reaction de. saturated ab maintaining a “steady state”, or constant conditions, in your body_____ cd When fructose and glucose join this type of molecule is formed___ de this type of fatty acid id solid at room temperature ____ one of the four classes of biological macromolecules; composed of amino ac acids_____ a 74. mono-, di-, and polysaccharides belong to this class of macromolecules_____ 70. 71. 72. 73. 75. the most distinguishing characteristic of this class of macromolecule is that its d members do not dissolve in water_____ bc 76. these proteins speed up the rate of chemical reactions______ abc & __________ ad 77. these two molecules make up a lipid_______ abd 78. DNA and RNA belong to this class of biological molecules_______ 79. starch and glycogen are examples of this type of carbohydrate _______ abd ae 80. molecules that contain carbon atoms _______ a. cell theory d. cytoplasm ac. chromosomes bc. eukaryote b. cell membrane e. cytoskeleton ad. nucleolus bd. ribosome cd. Golgi apparatus abc. chloroplast ce. mitochondria abd. vacuole c. organelles ab. nucleus ae. prokaryote be. endoplasmic reticulum de. lysosomes abe. cell wall 81. barrier that separates the inside of a cell from the outside. Controls what enters and b leaves the cell___ abe 82. gives shape, strength and support to eukaryotic plant cells._____ 83. a primitive, small, and “bare bones” cell type that has neither a nucleus nor organelles._____ ae 84. organelle of a eukaryotic animal cell that “recycles”, digesting food and old, worn de out organelles._____ bc 85. fancy and complicated type of cell that has a nucleus and organelles.______ d 86. the watery fluid inside of a cell.______ 87. name for specialized structures in a eukaryotic cell; each has a certain job to c do_______ be 88. organelles that serve as a highway for transporting things inside the cell______ bd 89. produce the proteins inside of a cell______ 90. organelle that makes food (sugars) out of sunlight, CO2, and H2O in a eukaryotic plant abc cell_____