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STUDYGUIDE FOR BIOLOGY I - E
1st Semester 2016
KEY
Scientific Method & Properties of Life
Chapter 1 – Pgs. 2-33
1.
List the steps involved in the scientific method.
Observation/Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analysis
Conclusion
2. What is a dependent variable?
What you measure/what changes based on IV
3. What is the independent variable?
“I change the Independent variable” What you are changing/in control of in the
experiment
4. Why is it important to test only one variable at a time during an experiment?
If you test more than one variable at a time it could mess up the result because you cannot
determine which variable is affecting the results
5. What is the difference between a scientific theory, a hypothesis and a law?
Theory: one or more hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing
Hypothesis: a reasonable guess based on what you know or observe
Law: scientific principal that is always true under the same conditions EX: gravity
6. List 3 important safety rules that are used repeatedly in the lab.
Follow directions, wear appropriate lab gear (goggles), no food or drink, no horseplay in lab,
etc.
7. List the traits that all living organisms have in common. “REACH-N-GO”
R – reproduction – all living things have the ability to reproduce (or others in their species do)
E – energy – all living things use energy
A – adapt – all living things adapt or respond to their environment
C – cells – all living things are made of cells…the smallest living thing is made of 1 cell
H – homeostasis – all living things need to maintain a stable internal environment
N – nucleic acids – all living things have nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
G – growth – all living things grow throughout their lifetime (think about what you look like
now compared to 10 years ago!)
O – organization – all living things have the same levels of organization (atom, molecule,
organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism)
8.
What is homeostasis and why is it important to living organisms?
Homeostasis is maintaining internal balance. It is important because organisms can only
function properly under certain conditions so they must maintain those conditions to survive.
9.
What is the theory of spontaneous generation? How is this different from biogenesis?
Spontaneous generation: new things (as in living things, like cells) come out of
nowhere…they just “spring up”
Biogenesis: new living things come from existing living things (like one cell divides into
two new cells)
10. What are the levels of organization in an organism?
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Macromolecules & Enzymes
Chapter 2 – pgs. 44-53
11. Fill out the table below
Macromolecule
Elements
Monomer
Carbohydrates
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
“CHO”
Monosaccharide
Ex: glucose
Lipids
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
“CHO”
Fatty acid
(Saturated &
Unsaturated)
Proteins
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
“CHON”
Amino Acid
Nucleic Acids
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus
“CHONP”
Nucleotide
Picture
12. Describe the three types of carbohydrates and give an example of each.
Monosaccharides: monomer such as glucose
Disaccharide: two monomers linked together such as sucrose (table sugar)
Polysaccharide: many monomers linked together to form large chains such as glycogen,
cellulose, and starch
13. What is the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat?
Saturated: no double bonds between carbons; solids at room temp such as butter or lard
Unsaturated: double bonds between carbons; liquid at room temperature such as olive
or corn oil
14. Give three examples of lipids.
Fats, oils, waxes
15. Name four functions of proteins.
Control rate of reactions (enzymes)
Regulate cell processes
Forms bones and muscles
Transport substances in & out of cells
Helps fight disease
16. Name two types of nucleic acids.
DNA & RNA (ATP)
17. Why are enzymes important in our bodies?
Catalyze (speed up) reactions in our bodies that would otherwise happen too slowly
18. Label the diagram with the following terms: active site, substrate, products and
enzyme.
Substrate/reactants
Active Site
Enzyme
Products
Cells & Membrane Transport
Chapter 7 – pg. 169-193
19. What is a prokaryote?
A cell that is simple and has NO membrane-bound organelles and NO nucleus
“Pro = No!”
20. What is a eukaryote?
A complex cell with organelles and a nucleus
“Eu = Do!”
21. What is the job of the nucleus?
Contains genetic information (DNA) and directs cell functions
22. What is the function of the ribosome, golgi body, and endoplasmic reticulum?
Ribosome: makes proteins
Golgi: stores, packages, and sends proteins to where they need to go
ER: transports material around the cell
23. State the cell theory and the men responsible for putting all three parts of it together.
All living things are made of cells –
The cell is the smallest unit of life –
All cells come from existing cells 24. What is a polar molecule?
A charged molecule that interacts well with water (such as the polar, hydrophilic head of
a phospholipid)
25. What molecule makes the cell membrane? Draw a
picture and label the parts.
A phospholipid!
26. Name the three types of proteins found in the cell membrane.
Carrier, receptor, marker, channel
27. What is a semipermeable membrane?
A membrane that only lets certain things in and out of the cell
28. Label the Cells
Animal Cell
Lysosome
Cell Membrane
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Rough ER
Nucleolus
Central Vacuole
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cell Wall
Smooth
Golgi Apparatus
Nucleolus
Chloroplast
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
ER
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
29. What is the difference between passive and active transport?
Passive: does not require energy; occurs naturally as molecules move from high to low
concentrations
Active: requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient from low
to high concentrations
30. List two examples of passive transport and two examples of active transport.
Passive: diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
Active: endocytosis, exocytosis, and the sodium/potassium pump
31. Explain equilibrium.
Concentrations are balanced and there is equal movement in and out of the cell
32. Define osmosis.
Movement of WATER from areas of high concentration to low concentration
33. Identify the pictures with the conditions of osmosis (hypotonic, hypertonic and
isotonic). Use arrows to show the flow of water in each picture.
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
34. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis = Enter – brings large amounts of material into the cell
Exocytosis = Exit – a vesicle binds with the cell membrane to release a large amount of
material from the cell
35. List two types of endocytosis.
Phagocytosis: brings a solid particle into the cell (like “food”)
Pinocytosis: brings liquid into the cell (“drinking”)
MICROSCOPES:
36. Calculate the total magnification of the following (remember the eyepiece is 10x, low
is 4x, medium is 10x, high is 40x):
a. Low power objective:
10x4= 40 total
b. Medium power objective:
10x10= 100 total
c. High power objective:
10x40= 400 total
37. Label the following diagram:
A – Eyepiece
B – Coarse focus
C – Fine focus
D – Arm
E – Base
AE – Mirror/lamp
AD – Stage clips
AC – Objective (low power)
AB – Revolving nosepiece
Classification
Chapter 18 – pgs. 447-461
38. What are the seven levels of classification in order?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
39. Which level of classification is the most specific?
Species
40. What is binomial nomenclature and who invented it? Why?
Linnaeus invented it to avoid confusion with scientifically naming organisms. It is a twoname system for giving the scientific name of an organism
41. Describe what each of the two words identifies in binomial nomenclature.
Genus and species
42. What language are scientific names written in?
Latin
43. Name the six kingdoms.
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
44. Name the five kingdoms.
Repeat 
45. Which kingdom(s) are prokaryotic?
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
46. Which kingdom(s) are autotrophs?
All of Plantae, and some Protists, some Archaebacteria, and some Eubacteria
47. Which kingdom(s) are only multicellular?
Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
48. Which group is the first to evolve?
Theropods
49. Which groups have down feathers?
Velociraptor, Archaeopteryx, & Robin
50. What feature separates Allosaurus from Sinornis?
3-toed foot & wishbone
51. Which group(s) are most distantly related to the robin?
The ones with the least shared characteristics - Therapods
52. What is a dichotomous key? What is it used for?
A series of steps that is used to identify a specific species (tip: look at the shark or
salamander dichotomous keys for practice!)
Evolution
Chapter 15 – pgs. 369-386
53. Define Evolution.
Process by which organisms change over time
54. Explain what is meant by “Natural Selection”
Organisms that are most fit for their environment will be “selected” for and be able to
survive and reproduce
Remember the requirements for Natural Selection as VISTA
V-Variation
I-Inheritance
S-Survival & reproduction
T-Time
A-Adaptation
55. Explain how the peppered moths are an example of natural selection. VISTA
Variation – There are light colored and dark colored moths
Inheritance – dark coloration and light coloration are traits that are controlled by a
color gene and can be passed down from parent to offspring
Survival & Reproduction – moths that blend in to the trees do not get eaten and they
pass on their traits to the next generation
Time – over time, the beneficial trait builds up in the population
Adaptation – the population of moths with the beneficial color adaptation continue to
grow and thrive while the non-beneficial colored moths decrease in the population
56. What was driving the selection of the peppered moths?
The presence or absence of the factory smoke drove the natural selection of the
moths. If the smoke was present, the trees were dark and therefore dark-colored
moths survived. If smoke was not present, the trees were white and light-colored
moths survived.
57. What was Darwin’s first observation when he traveled to the Galapagos that made
him begin to think about the world around him? (Hint: finches & tortoises)
Variation! He saw the variety and complexity of living things and
then started comparing those differences to the differences in the
environment where those organisms are found.
58. What conclusions can be drawn based on the evidence of the Fossil Record?
Fossils show the gradual change in organisms over time.
Transitional fossils can show ancestors of the species that live on
earth today.
59. Briefly summarize what evidence for change over time exists in the knowledge of
Vestigial Structures:
Vestigial structures are those that are still present in organisms
today, but serve no purpose. It shows that the ancestor of that
organism once needed these structures, but the present day
organisms does not…they are just “leftovers” from the ancestor.
60. What are some common vestigial structures that humans have? Why are they
vestigial?
Wisdom teeth – we now cook our food so we don’t have to have as many molars to
grind and chew
Tail bone – we no longer have tails
Appendix, tonsils, ear muscles, etc.
61. Briefly summarize what evidence for change over time exists in the knowledge of
Homologous Structures:
Homologous structures are ones that have the same
structures but different functions in related organisms. It shows
that organisms that have the same structures, such as the
bones in the picture to the right, but different functions all
came from the same common ancestor.
62. What is the meaning of Analogous Structures?
Structures that have similar functions, but different structures; shows no common ancestry
Ex: butterfly wings and bird wings are both used for flying but are not related in structure
Label the following examples as a Vestigial Structure, Homologous Structure, or Analogous
Structure.
63. Both penguins and fish have fins so they can swim.
Analogous
64. The appendix was once needed to break down a diet rich in plant material. However
now we don’t know it is there until it causes a problem.
Vestigial
65. Bats, humans, penguins, and alligators all have a similar bone structure. However,
they all use the similar bone structure to perform different functions.
Homologous
Use the table to answer the following
questions:
66. Which species is most closely
related to the unknown
species? Defend your answer
Species IV because it has the
most similarities
Species
DNA Sequence
Unknown species
Species I
Species II
Species III
Species IV
ACT GCA CCC
CCA GCA CCG
ACT GCT GGA
ACA GCA GGG
ACT GCA CCG
# of
similarities
6
5
4
8
67. Which species is least closely related to the unknown species? Defend your answer
Species III because it has the least amount of similarities
The data table to the right shows the
number of amino acid differences in the
hemoglobin molecule of different species.
68. Based on the number of amino acid
differences, fill in the rest of the
evolutionary tree from left to right.
Horse
Pig
Gorilla
Human
69.
What do you notice about all the embryos from their
early stage (A) to their late stage (C)? Why do they all look so
similar in line A? How does this support evolution?
They all look similar, and start to look different as they develop
more and more. Similar species show similar embryonic
development because they share a common ancestor and
therefore share the DNA for developmental genes.
a. carbohydrates
d. lipid
ac. protein
b. monosaccharide
e. polysaccharide
ad. fatty acid
bc. enzyme
bd. amino acid
cd. disaccharide
abc. glycerol
ce. metabolism
abd. nucleic acids
c. nucleotide
ab. homeostasis
ae. organic
compound
be. chemical
reaction
de. saturated
ab
maintaining a “steady state”, or constant conditions, in your body_____
cd
When fructose and glucose join this type of molecule is formed___
de
this type of fatty acid id solid at room temperature ____
one of the four classes of biological macromolecules; composed of amino
ac
acids_____
a
74. mono-, di-, and polysaccharides belong to this class of macromolecules_____
70.
71.
72.
73.
75. the most distinguishing characteristic of this class of macromolecule is that its
d
members do not dissolve in water_____
bc
76. these proteins speed up the rate of chemical reactions______
abc & __________
ad
77. these two molecules make up a lipid_______
abd
78. DNA and RNA belong to this class of biological molecules_______
79. starch and glycogen are examples of this type of carbohydrate _______
abd
ae
80. molecules that contain carbon atoms _______
a. cell theory
d. cytoplasm
ac. chromosomes
bc. eukaryote
b. cell membrane
e. cytoskeleton
ad. nucleolus
bd. ribosome
cd. Golgi apparatus
abc. chloroplast
ce. mitochondria
abd. vacuole
c. organelles
ab. nucleus
ae. prokaryote
be. endoplasmic
reticulum
de. lysosomes
abe. cell wall
81. barrier that separates the inside of a cell from the outside. Controls what enters and
b
leaves the cell___
abe
82. gives shape, strength and support to eukaryotic plant cells._____
83. a primitive, small, and “bare bones” cell type that has neither a nucleus nor
organelles._____
ae
84. organelle of a eukaryotic animal cell that “recycles”, digesting food and old, worn
de
out organelles._____
bc
85. fancy and complicated type of cell that has a nucleus and organelles.______
d
86. the watery fluid inside of a cell.______
87. name for specialized structures in a eukaryotic cell; each has a certain job to
c
do_______
be
88. organelles that serve as a highway for transporting things inside the cell______
bd
89. produce the proteins inside of a cell______
90. organelle that makes food (sugars) out of sunlight, CO2, and H2O in a eukaryotic plant
abc
cell_____