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Mario Livio Space Telescope Science Institute Shedding Light on Black Holes “Black holes have no hair” Astrophysical black holes are in some sense extremely simple objects characterized just by: Mass Spin QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 2 Mass Determinations Stellar Supermassive About 20 masses known About 80 masses known 3 Spin Determinations Stellar Using x-ray observations to determine radius at inner edge of the accretion disk. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 4 Spin Determinations Supermassive Using lines emitted by iron atoms. 5 General Relativity At Work The emission of gravitational waves. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 6 Ultimate Goal: Quantum Theory of Gravity Most of the time, gravity and quantum mechanics “live” in their separate worlds… Hubble Ultra Deep Field HST • ACS But they inevitably meet in two places: Early Universe Black Holes Big Bang M87 HST • WFPC2 Inflation 7 First Clues for Quantum Effects Entropy: The measure of the amount of disorder. 8 First Clues for Quantum Effects Entropy: The measure of the amount of disorder. 9 First Clues for Quantum Effects Entropy: The measure of the amount of disorder. Second Law of Thermodynamcs: The entropy of any isolated system (including the universe as a whole) can never decrease. 10 Hawking Radiation Bekenstein: Black Holes must have an entropy Otherwise… we would violate the second law of thermodynamics. The Area Theorem: When black holes interact with their environment (by accreting gas or colliding with other black holes) their area always increases. Entropy = 1/4 Area 11 Hawking Radiation If black holes have thermodynamic properties like entropy, they should also have a temperature: They should radiate! Virtual Pairs in Quantum Vacuum Event Horizon 12 A Success of String Theory Black hole entropy agrees with Bekenstein-Hawking formula. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 13 Cheshire Cat