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Transcript
Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System Teaching Objectives An Introduction to Regulatory Systems 1. Compare the response times of the two major systems of internal communication: the nervous system and the endocrine system. 2. Explain how neurosecretory cells, epinephrine, and control of day/night cycles illustrate the integration of the endocrine and nervous systems. 3. Describe the organization of a stimulus, receptor, control center, efferent signal, and effector in a simple endocrine pathway. 4. Describe an example of a negative feedback loop in an endocrine pathway involved in maintaining homeostasis. 5. Explain why the neurohormone pathway that regulates the release of milk by a nursing mother is an example of positive feedback. Chemical Signals and Their Modes of Action 6. List the three major classes of molecules that function as hormones in vertebrates. 7. Name the three key events involved in signaling by vertebrate hormones. 8. Explain what changes may be triggered by a signal transduction pathway initiated by the binding of a water-soluble hormone to a receptor in the plasma membrane of a target cell. 9. Discuss how and why different target cells exposed to the same hormone may respond in different ways. 10. Describe the nature and location of intracellular receptors for hormones that pass easily through cell membranes. Explain how their role compares to the signal-transduction pathway noted above, and describe the changes they are likely to trigger within the target cell. 11. Explain the role of local regulators in paracrine signaling. Describe the diverse functions of cytokines, growth factors, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins. The Vertebrate Endocrine System 12. Explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary glands interact and how they coordinate the endocrine system. 13. Describe the location of the pituitary. List and explain the functions of the hormones released from the anterior and posterior lobes. 14. Explain the role of tropic hormones in coordinating endocrine signaling throughout the body. Distinguish between releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones. 15. List the hormones of the thyroid gland and explain their roles in development and metabolism. Explain the causes and symptoms of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and goiter. 16. Note the location of the parathyroid glands and describe the hormonal control of calcium homeostasis. 17. Distinguish between alpha and beta cells in the pancreas and explain how their antagonistic hormones (insulin and glucagon) regulate carbohydrate metabolism. 18. Distinguish between type I diabetes mellitus and type II diabetes mellitus. 19. List the hormones of the adrenal medulla, describe their functions, and explain how their secretions are controlled. 20. List the hormones of the adrenal cortex and describe their functions. 21. List the hormones of three categories of steroid hormones produced by the gonads. Describe variations in their production between the sexes. Note the functions of each category of steroid and explain how secretions are controlled. 22. Describe the location of the pineal gland. Explain the significance of its secretion of melatonin. 23. Describe several examples of invertebrate hormones that function in the control of reproduction and development. Student Misconceptions 1. Some students think of endocrine and nervous regulation as entirely separate control mechanisms. Emphasize to your students that these important systems work together to regulate a number of physiological processes, that some molecules function both as hormones in the endocrine system and as chemical messengers in the nervous system, and that the hypothalamus and pituitary gland serve to integrate the endocrine and nervous systems of vertebrates. 2. Students can be overwhelmed by the large number of human endocrine glands and hormones. Encourage your students to look for patterns in this information. Students should recognize the basic hormonal control pathways, similarities in means of regulation, and the various chemical classes of hormone. Chapter Guide to Teaching Resources Overview: The body’s long-distance regulators Concept 45.1 The endocrine system and the nervous system act individually and together in regulating an animal’s physiology Transparency Figure 45.2 Basic patterns of simple hormonal control pathways Concept 45.2 Hormones and other chemical signals bind to target cell receptors, initiating pathways that culminate in specific cell responses Transparencies Figure 45.3 Mechanisms of hormonal signaling: A review Figure 45.4 One chemical signal, different effects Student Media Resources Activity: Overview of cell signaling Activity: Peptide hormone action Activity: Steroid hormone action Concept 45.3 The hypothalamus and pituitary integrate many functions of the vertebrate endocrine system Transparencies Table 45.1 Major human endocrine glands and some of their hormones (hypothalamus–parathyroid glands) Table 45.1 Major human endocrine glands and some of their hormones (pancreas–pineal gland) Figure 45.6 Human endocrine glands surveyed in this chapter Figure 45.7 Production and release of posterior pituitary hormones Figure 45.8 Production and release of anterior pituitary hormones Concept 45.4 Nonpituitary hormones help regulate metabolism, homeostasis, development, and behavior Transparencies Figure 45.9 Feedback regulation of T3 and T4 secretion from the thyroid gland Figure 45.11 Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis in mammals Figure 45.12 Maintenance of glucose homeostasis by insulin and glucagon Figure 45.13 Stress and the adrenal gland Student Media Resources Activity: Human endocrine glands and hormones Investigation: How do thyroxine and TSH affect metabolism? Concept 45.5 Invertebrate regulatory systems also involve endocrine and nervous system interactions Transparencies Figure 45.15 Hormonal regulation of insect development (layer 1) Figure 45.15 Hormonal regulation of insect development (layer 2) Figure 45.15 Hormonal regulation of insect development (layer 3) For additional resources such as digital images and lecture outlines, go to the Campbell Media Manager or the Instructor Resources section of www.campbellbiology.com. Key Terms adenohypophysis adrenal gland adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) androgen anterior pituitary antidiuretic hormone (ADH) brain hormone calcitonin catecholamine corticosteroid cytokine diabetes mellitus ecdysone endocrine gland endocrine system endorphin epinephrine estrogen follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) glucagon glucocorticoid gonadotropin growth factor growth hormone (GH) hormone hypothalamus insulin insulin-like growth factor (IGF) islets of Langerhans juvenile hormone luteinizing hormone (LH) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) melatonin mineralocorticoid negative feedback neurohypophysis neurosecretory cell nitric oxide (NO) norepinephrine oxytocin pancreas parathyroid gland parathyroid hormone (PTH) pineal gland pituitary gland posterior pituitary progestin prolactin (PRL) prostaglandin (PG) signal transduction pathway testosterone thyroid gland thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3) tropic hormone vitamin D Word Roots adeno- 5 gland; -hypo 5 below (adenohypophysis: also called the anterior pituitary, a gland positioned at the base of the hypothalamus) andro- 5 male; -gen 5 produce (androgens: the principal male steroid hormones, such as testosterone, which stimulate the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics) anti- 5 against; -diure 5 urinate (antidiuretic hormone: a hormone that helps regulate water balance) cata- 5 down; -chol 5 anger (catecholamines: a class of compounds, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, that are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine) -cortico 5 the shell; -tropic 5 to turn or change (adrenocorticotropic hormone: a peptide hormone released from the anterior pituitary, it stimulates the production and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex) ecdys- 5 an escape (ecdysone: a steroid hormone that triggers molting in arthropods) endo- 5 inside (endorphin: a hormone produced in the brain and anterior pituitary that inhibits pain perception) epi- 5 above, over (epinephrine: a hormone produced as a response to stress; also called adrenaline) gluco- 5 sweet (glucagon: a peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin) lut- 5 yellow (luteinizing hormone: a gonadotropin secreted by the anterior pituitary) melan- 5 black (melatonin: a modified amino acid hormone secreted by the pineal gland) neuro- 5 nerve (neurohypophysis: also called the posterior pituitary, it is an extension of the brain) oxy- 5 sharp, acid (oxytocin: a hormone that induces contractions of the uterine muscles and causes the mammary glands to eject milk during nursing) para- 5 beside, near (parathyroid glands: four endocrine glands, embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, that secrete parathyroid hormone and raise blood calcium levels) pro- 5 before; -lact 5 milk (prolactin: a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland, it stimulates milk synthesis in mammals) tri- 5 three; -iodo 5 violet (triiodothyronine: one of two very similar hormones produced by the thyroid gland and derived from the amino acid tyrosine) System Instructor’s Guide for Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh EditionChapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine Instructor’s Guide for Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh EditionChapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System