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Chapter 45
Hormones and the Endocrine System
Teaching Objectives
An Introduction to Regulatory Systems
1.
Compare the response times of the two major systems of internal
communication: the nervous system and the endocrine system.
2.
Explain how neurosecretory cells, epinephrine, and control of day/night
cycles illustrate the integration of the endocrine and nervous systems.
3.
Describe the organization of a stimulus, receptor, control center, efferent
signal, and effector in a simple endocrine pathway.
4.
Describe an example of a negative feedback loop in an endocrine
pathway involved in maintaining homeostasis.
5.
Explain why the neurohormone pathway that regulates the release of milk
by a nursing mother is an example of positive feedback.
Chemical Signals and Their Modes of Action
6.
List the three major classes of molecules that function as hormones in
vertebrates.
7.
Name the three key events involved in signaling by vertebrate hormones.
8.
Explain what changes may be triggered by a signal transduction pathway
initiated by the binding of a water-soluble hormone to a receptor in the plasma
membrane of a target cell.
9.
Discuss how and why different target cells exposed to the same hormone
may respond in different ways.
10.
Describe the nature and location of intracellular receptors for hormones
that pass easily through cell membranes. Explain how their role compares to the
signal-transduction pathway noted above, and describe the changes they are
likely to trigger within the target cell.
11.
Explain the role of local regulators in paracrine signaling. Describe the
diverse functions of cytokines, growth factors, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins.
The Vertebrate Endocrine System
12.
Explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary glands interact and how they
coordinate the endocrine system.
13.
Describe the location of the pituitary. List and explain the functions of the
hormones released from the anterior and posterior lobes.
14.
Explain the role of tropic hormones in coordinating endocrine signaling
throughout the body. Distinguish between releasing hormones and inhibiting
hormones.
15.
List the hormones of the thyroid gland and explain their roles in
development and metabolism. Explain the causes and symptoms of
hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and goiter.
16.
Note the location of the parathyroid glands and describe the hormonal
control of calcium homeostasis.
17.
Distinguish between alpha and beta cells in the pancreas and explain how
their antagonistic hormones (insulin and glucagon) regulate carbohydrate
metabolism.
18.
Distinguish between type I diabetes mellitus and type II diabetes mellitus.
19.
List the hormones of the adrenal medulla, describe their functions, and
explain how their secretions are controlled.
20.
List the hormones of the adrenal cortex and describe their functions.
21.
List the hormones of three categories of steroid hormones produced by
the gonads. Describe variations in their production between the sexes. Note the
functions of each category of steroid and explain how secretions are controlled.
22.
Describe the location of the pineal gland. Explain the significance of its
secretion of melatonin.
23.
Describe several examples of invertebrate hormones that function in the
control of reproduction and development.
Student Misconceptions
1.
Some students think of endocrine and nervous regulation as entirely
separate control mechanisms. Emphasize to your students that these important
systems work together to regulate a number of physiological processes, that
some molecules function both as hormones in the endocrine system and as
chemical messengers in the nervous system, and that the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland serve to integrate the endocrine and nervous systems of
vertebrates.
2.
Students can be overwhelmed by the large number of human endocrine
glands and hormones. Encourage your students to look for patterns in this
information. Students should recognize the basic hormonal control pathways,
similarities in means of regulation, and the various chemical classes of hormone.
Chapter Guide to Teaching Resources
Overview: The body’s long-distance regulators
Concept 45.1 The endocrine system and the nervous system act
individually and together in regulating an animal’s physiology
Transparency
Figure 45.2 Basic patterns of simple hormonal control
pathways
Concept 45.2 Hormones and other chemical
signals bind to target cell receptors, initiating
pathways that culminate in specific cell
responses
Transparencies
Figure 45.3 Mechanisms of hormonal signaling: A review
Figure 45.4 One chemical signal, different effects
Student Media Resources
Activity: Overview of cell signaling
Activity: Peptide hormone action
Activity: Steroid hormone action
Concept 45.3 The hypothalamus and pituitary integrate many functions of
the vertebrate endocrine system
Transparencies
Table 45.1 Major human endocrine glands and some of their hormones
(hypothalamus–parathyroid glands)
Table 45.1
Major human endocrine glands and some of their
hormones (pancreas–pineal gland)
Figure 45.6 Human endocrine glands surveyed in this chapter
Figure 45.7 Production and release of posterior pituitary
hormones
Figure 45.8 Production and release of anterior pituitary
hormones
Concept 45.4 Nonpituitary hormones help regulate metabolism,
homeostasis, development, and behavior
Transparencies
Figure 45.9 Feedback regulation of T3 and T4 secretion from the thyroid gland
Figure 45.11 Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis in
mammals
Figure 45.12 Maintenance of glucose homeostasis by insulin
and glucagon
Figure 45.13 Stress and the adrenal gland
Student Media Resources
Activity: Human endocrine glands and hormones
Investigation: How do thyroxine and TSH affect metabolism?
Concept 45.5 Invertebrate regulatory systems also involve endocrine and
nervous system interactions
Transparencies
Figure 45.15 Hormonal regulation of insect development (layer 1)
Figure 45.15 Hormonal regulation of insect development (layer
2)
Figure 45.15 Hormonal regulation of insect development (layer
3)
For additional resources such as digital images and lecture
outlines, go to the Campbell Media Manager or the Instructor
Resources section of www.campbellbiology.com.
Key Terms
adenohypophysis
adrenal gland
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
androgen
anterior pituitary
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
brain hormone
calcitonin
catecholamine
corticosteroid
cytokine
diabetes mellitus
ecdysone
endocrine gland
endocrine system
endorphin
epinephrine
estrogen
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
glucagon
glucocorticoid
gonadotropin
growth factor
growth hormone (GH)
hormone
hypothalamus
insulin
insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
islets of Langerhans
juvenile hormone
luteinizing hormone (LH)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
melatonin
mineralocorticoid
negative feedback
neurohypophysis
neurosecretory cell
nitric oxide (NO)
norepinephrine
oxytocin
pancreas
parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
pineal gland
pituitary gland
posterior pituitary
progestin
prolactin (PRL)
prostaglandin (PG)
signal transduction pathway
testosterone
thyroid gland
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
tropic hormone
vitamin D
Word Roots
adeno- 5 gland; -hypo 5 below (adenohypophysis: also called the anterior pituitary, a
gland positioned at the base of the hypothalamus)
andro- 5 male; -gen 5 produce (androgens: the principal male steroid hormones,
such as testosterone, which stimulate the development and maintenance of the
male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics)
anti- 5 against; -diure 5 urinate (antidiuretic hormone: a hormone that helps
regulate water balance)
cata- 5 down; -chol 5 anger (catecholamines: a class of compounds, including
epinephrine and norepinephrine, that are synthesized from the amino acid
tyrosine)
-cortico 5 the shell; -tropic 5 to turn or change (adrenocorticotropic hormone: a
peptide hormone released from the anterior pituitary, it stimulates the production
and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex)
ecdys- 5 an escape (ecdysone: a steroid hormone that triggers molting in
arthropods)
endo- 5 inside (endorphin: a hormone produced in the brain and anterior pituitary
that inhibits pain perception)
epi- 5 above, over (epinephrine: a hormone produced as a response to stress;
also called adrenaline)
gluco- 5 sweet (glucagon: a peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine
cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin)
lut- 5 yellow (luteinizing hormone: a gonadotropin secreted by the anterior
pituitary)
melan- 5 black (melatonin: a modified amino acid hormone secreted by the
pineal gland)
neuro- 5 nerve (neurohypophysis: also called the posterior pituitary, it is an
extension of the brain)
oxy- 5 sharp, acid (oxytocin: a hormone that induces contractions of the uterine
muscles and causes the mammary glands to eject milk during nursing)
para- 5 beside, near (parathyroid glands: four endocrine glands, embedded in
the surface of the thyroid gland, that secrete parathyroid hormone and raise
blood calcium levels)
pro- 5 before; -lact 5 milk (prolactin: a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary
gland, it stimulates milk synthesis in mammals)
tri- 5 three; -iodo 5 violet (triiodothyronine: one of two very similar hormones
produced by the thyroid gland and derived from the amino acid tyrosine)
System
Instructor’s Guide for Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh EditionChapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine
Instructor’s Guide for Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh EditionChapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine
System