Download Myers AP - Unit 08A1

Unit 8A:
Motivation and Emotion:
Motivation
Unit Overview
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•
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Motivational Concepts
Hunger
Sexual Motivation
The Need to Belong
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Introduction
• Motivation
Motivational Concepts
Instincts and Evolutionary
Psychology
• Instinct (fixed pattern)
–Instincts in animals
–Instincts in humans
Drives and Incentives
• Drive-reduction theory
–Homeostasis
–Need
–Drive
–Drive reduction
Drives and Incentives
• Drive-reduction theory
–Homeostasis
–Need
–Drive
–Drive reduction
Drives and Incentives
• Drive-reduction theory
–Homeostasis
–Need
–Drive
–Drive reduction
Drives and Incentives
• Incentive
–Positive and negative
Optimum Arousal
• Arousal
–Optimum level of arousal
A Hierarchy of Motives
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
–Variations in the hierarchy
A Hierarchy of Motives
A Hierarchy of Motives
A Hierarchy of Motives
A Hierarchy of Motives
A Hierarchy of Motives
A Hierarchy of Motives
A Hierarchy of Motives
Abraham Maslow suggested that “A person
who is lacking food, love, and self-esteem
would most likely hunger for food more
strongly than anything else.” Conversely, the
novelist Dostoyevski wrote, “Without a firm
idea of himself and the purpose of his life, man
cannot live even if surrounded with bread.”
Give evidence that would lead you to support
both statements.
Students should reference Maslow's hierarchy of needs
when providing evidence for Maslow's quote. To support
this idea the student should give an example in which
an organism is motivated to choose food or drink (or
safety, or any of the lower needs on the hierarchy)
rather than friendship, group belongingness, and so on
(any of the needs higher on the hierarchy). To support
Dostoyevski's quote, students should give an example
opposite the Maslow example, in which an organism
chooses to forgo food, safety, and such needs in favor
of group belongingness or self-actualization needs
(such as a monk fasting in a quest for spiritual
enlightenment).
In developing the scale, the authors analyzed results for
males and females separately, because prior studies of
food aversion indicated significant sex differences.
These separate item analyses yielded somewhat different
scales for males and females.
Males:
2-T, 3-F, 4-T, 5-T, 7-F, 9-F, 10-T, 11-T,
12-T, 15-F, 16-F, 17-T, 18-F, 19-T, 24-T, 25-T,
26-T, 27-T, 32-T, 33-T, 34-F, 37-F, 38-T, 39-T,
42-T, 45-F, 46-F, 47-F, 51-T, 52-T, 53-T, 54-T,
58-F, 60-T, 61-T, 63-T, 64-T.
Females:
1-T, 2-T, 4-T, 5-T, 6-T, 8-T, 9-F, 10-T,
11-T, 12-T, 13-F, 14-T, 15-T, 16-F, 17-T, 18-F,
19-T, 20-T, 21-T, 22-T, 23-F, 26-T, 27-T, 28-F,
29-T, 30-F, 31-F, 34-F, 35-F, 36-F, 39-T, 40-T,
41-T, 43-F, 44-T, 45-F, 48-F, 49-F, 50-T, 51-T,
52-T, 53-T, 54-T, 55-F, 56-F, 57-F, 59-T, 61-T,
62-T, 63-T, 65-T
Hunger
The Physiology of Hunger
• Contractions of the stomach
–Washburn study
The Physiology of Hunger
Body Chemistry and the Brain
• Glucose
• Insulin
• Hypothalamus
–Lateral hypothalamus
• orexin
–Vetromedial hypothalamus
The Physiology of Hunger
Body Chemistry and the Brain
• Appetite hormones
–Ghrelin
–Obestatin
–PYY
–Leptin
• Set point
• Basal metabolic rate
The Psychology of Hunger
Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
• Taste preferences
–Genetic: sweet and salty
–Neophobia
–Adaptive taste preferences
Although Jan appears to be underweight,
she is afraid of becoming fat and
consistently restricts her food intake.
Although Gene appears to be overweight,
he enjoys eating and always eats as much
as he wants. Explain how their different
reactions to food might result from (a)
differences in their inner bodily states and
(b) differences in their reactions to external
incentives.
Students should discuss the potential impact
of “internal bodily states” such as set point
and basal metabolic rate on the different
eating behaviors of Jan and Gene. Students
should also discuss at least one of the
psychological influences on eating, such as
unit bias, taste preferences, cultural norms
about body size (e.g., cultural ideal of
thinness), and neophobia.
The Psychology of Hunger
Eating Disorders
• Eating disorders
–Anorexia nervosa
–Bulimia nervosa
–Binge-eating disorder
Level of Analysis for Our Hunger
Motivation
Level of Analysis for Our Hunger
Motivation
Level of Analysis for Our Hunger
Motivation
Level of Analysis for Our Hunger
Motivation
Obesity and Weight Control
• Historical explanations
for obesity
• Obesity
–Definition
–Statistics
–Obesity and life
expectancy
Obesity
Obesity
Obesity and Weight Control
The Social Effects of Obesity
• Social effects of obesity
• Weight discrimination
• Psychological effects of obesity
Weight Discrimination
Weight Discrimination
Obesity and Weight Control
The Physiology of Obesity
• Fat Cells
Obesity and Weight Control
The Physiology of Obesity
• Set point
and
metabolism
Obesity and Weight Control
The Physiology of Obesity
• The genetic factor
• The food and activity
factor
–Sleep loss
–Social influence
–Food consumption and
activity level
Obesity and Weight Control
Losing Weight
• Realistic and moderate goals
• Success stories
• Attitudinal changes
Which of the following is most clearly NOT an example of an
incentive?
A. social disapproval
B. a romantic movie
C. a low blood glucose
level
D. the smell of rotten eggs
E. a day of vacation
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When a rat's blood sugar level decreases, the ________ hypothalamus
releases the hunger-triggering hormone ________.
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B. lateral; orexin
C. medial;
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D. ventromedial;
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E. medial;
testosterone
In terms of the role of the family environment on
eating disorders, research has discounted which of the
following factors?
A. higher rates of childhood
obesity
B. competitive, high-achieving
families
C. childhood sexual abuse
D. mother's preoccupation
with weight and
appearance
E. higher-than-usual
incidences of negative selfevaluation
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One gene scan of 40,000 people worldwide identified a variant of a gene
called FTO. This gene nearly doubles the risk of
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A. anorexia
nervosa.
B. a low set point.
C. erotic
plasticity.
D. obesity.
E. bulimia.
Which of the following refers to a physiological state
that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal?
Need
Homeostasis
Instinct
Drive
incentive
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Studies show that people tend to eat much more in social
situations, such as parties and celebrations. Which psychological
principle best explains why we overeat in these situations?
social facilitation
set point
Homeostasis
drive reduction
basal metabolic rate
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Prisoners of war placed on a semistarvation diet in
which their food intake is cut in half are likely to
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A. lose half their original body
weight.
B. show an increased interest
in sex and politics.
C. spend a great deal of time
daydreaming about food.
D. stop consciously
experiencing thoughts
about hunger.
E. dream about objects that
symbolize food (latent
content).
Sexual Motivation
The Physiology of Sex
The Sexual Response Cycle
• Sexual response cycle
–Excitement phase
–Plateau phase
–Orgasm
–Resolution
phase
• Refractory
period
The Physiology of Sex
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
• Effects of hormones
–Development of sexual characteristics
–Activate sexual behavior
• Estrogen
• Testosterone
The Psychology of Sex
• External stimuli
• Imagined stimuli
–Dreams
–Sexual fantasies
Levels of Analysis for Sexual
Motivation
Levels of Analysis for Sexual
Motivation
Levels of Analysis for Sexual
Motivation
Levels of Analysis for Sexual
Motivation
Adolescent Sexuality
•
•
•
•
•
Teen Pregnancy
Ignorance
Minimal communication about birth
control
Guilt related to sexual activity
Alcohol use
Mass media norms of unprotected
promiscuity
Adolescent Sexuality
Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Statistics of STIs
• Teen abstinence
–High intelligence
–Religious engagement
–Father presence
–Participation in service learning
programs
Sexual Orientation
• Sexual orientation
–Homosexual orientation
–Heterosexual orientation
• Sexual
orientation
statistics
Sexual Orientation
Origins of Sexual Orientation
• Origins of sexual orientation studies
–Fraternal birth order effect
•
•
•
•
Same-sex attraction in animals
The brain and sexual orientation
Genes and sexual orientation
Prenatal hormones and sexual
orientation
The Need to Belong
The Need to Belong
• Aiding survival
• Wanting to belong
• Sustaining
relationships
• The pain of ostracism
–ostracism
The End
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Definition
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Motivation
= a need or desire that energizes and directs
behavior.
Instinct
= a complex behavior that is rigidly
patterned throughout a species and is
unlearned.
Drive-reduction Theory
= the idea that a physiological need creates
an aroused tension state (a drive) that
motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
Homeostasis
= a tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal state; the regulation of
any aspect of body chemistry, such as
blood glucose, around a particular level.
Incentive
= a positive or negative environment
stimulus that motivates behavior
Hierarchy of Needs
= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs,
beginning at the base with physiological
needs that must first be satisfied before
higher-level safety needs and then
psychological needs become active.
Glucose
= the form of sugar that circulates in the
blood and provides the major source of
energy for body tissues. When its level is
low, we feel hunger.
Set Point
= the point at which an individual’s “weight
thermostat” is supposedly set. When the
body falls below this weight, an increase in
hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may
act to restore the lost weight.
Basal Metabolic Rate
= the body’s resting rate of energy
expenditure.
Anorexia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person
(usually an adolescent female) diets and
becomes significantly (15 percent or more)
underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues
to starve.
Bulimia Nervosa
= an eating disorder characterized by
episodes of overeating, usually highcalorie foods, followed by vomiting,
laxative use, fasting, or excessive
exercise.
Binge-eating Disorder
= significant binge-eating episodes, followed
by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without
the compensatory purging, fasting, or
excessive exercise that marks bulimia
nervosa.
Sexual Response Cycle
= the four stages of sexual responding
described by Masters and Johnson –
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and
resolution.
Refractory Period
= a resting period after orgasm, during which
a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
Estrogens
= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted
in greater amount by females than males
and contributing to female sex
characteristics. In nonhuman female
mammals, estrogen levels peak during
ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex
hormones. Both males and females have
it, but the additional testosterone in males
stimulates the growth of the male sex
organs in the fetus and the development of
the male sex characteristics during
puberty.
Sexual Orientation
= an enduring sexual attraction toward
members of either one’s own sex
(homosexual orientation) or the other sex
(heterosexual orientation).