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Chapter 20 and 35 Viruses (Pathogens) and Bacteria
VIRUSES (PATHOGENS)
Central question----What is a pathogen? A___________________________agent.
How are pathogens passed to others?________________________________________________
1. Definition
i. Tiny, ___________________ particles
ii. Smaller than bacteria
iii. Nonliving characteristics
1. Do ______ carry out respiration
2. Do ______ grow and develop
3. Do not metabolize
4. Not made of ________________
5. However, Does contain ___________or RNA
iv. Able to replicate inside living things called a ______ cell
v. Viruses are named after the diseases that they cause or the organ or tissue that
they infect. __________________causes a common __________ and infects the
adenoid tissue in the back of the throat and nasal cavity.
2. Structure
i. Inner ________________acid core (DNA/RNA)
ii. 1 or 2 protein coats, capsid which determines shape
iii. 3rd – viral capsid envelope (human ________)
iv. 4 Shapes
1. Polygon (polio)
2. Cylindrical (tobacco mosaic virus, plants)
3. Covered in an envelope shaded with
______________(influenza- human flu, HIV)
4. Bacteriophage- lunar standing module
3. Recognition and Reproduction
i. ________________is important for replication of a
virus. Viruses recognize and attach to __________________receptors. For example, animal viruses
attach to _______________ cells.
ii. First, viruses must find a site on plasma membrane of the _______________.
iii. Viral protein coat is important for recognition of specific cells. Viruses are species specific.
iv. The 3 dimensional shape on plasma membrane of the virus __________________ with shape on the
host membrane.
v. A T4 _____________________ which is a virus that attaches and infects __________________ uses a
tail fiber to attach to E.coli.
1. In the 1980s the announcement of the eradication of _________________ had occurred because it
only infected _______________ and doctors were able to quarantine people and get rid of the virus.
However, the flu is difficult to eradicate because it is _________ species specific.
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2. Lytic and Lysogenic cycles
4. Types of Viruses
i. Chicken pox, HPV_______________________________
ii. HIV is a ____________________ which is a virus that contains RNA and
______________________________. Reverse transcriptase- enzyme that copies viral RNA into DNA.
HIV is an infection of the ________________. The infected person’s white blood cells are damaged and
their immune system fails which lead to other diseases and that is when the disease can be called
____________.
iii. West Nile- Caused by ______________. West Nile Virus is a flavivirus commonly found in Africa, West
Asia, and the Middle East. It is closely related to St. Louis encephalitis virus which means _________
swelling which is also found in the United States. The virus can infect humans, birds, mosquitoes, horses
and some other mammals.
iv. SARS- Severe Acute ____________________ Syndrome. SARS was first reported in Asia in February
2003. Over the next few months, the illness _______________ to more than two dozen countries in
North America, South America, Europe, and Asia before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was
contained. According to the World Health Organization (__________), a total of 8,098 people
worldwide became sick with SARS during the 2003 outbreak. Of these, 774 died. Symptoms include
fever, headaches, ______________. Cause is ________________
v. Avian Flu- This ________________ virus occurs naturally among ______________. Wild birds
worldwide carry the viruses in their intestines, but usually do not get sick from them. Avian influenza is
very ________________ among birds and can make some domesticated birds, including chickens,
ducks, and turkeys, very sick and kill them. Infected birds shed influenza virus in their ___________,
nasal secretions, and feces. Able to change like other flu viruses. No ______________ available except
the H5N1 vaccine. _____________________or world-wide problem.
vi. Mad cow disease is caused by a _________________. A prion is a microscopic
____________________ particle ____________________ to a ________________ but lacking nucleic
acid, thought to be the infectious agent responsible for Mad Cow disease and certain other
degenerative diseases of the ____________________system. Also known as, _________ (bovine
spongiform encephalopathy) is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection.
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The outbreak was spread throughout the UK _______________industry by feeding leftover bovine
_____________-and-bone meal to young calves. On March 13, 2006, the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) announced the confirmation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a cow
in_____________________.
vii. In order to prevent some viruses, there are _______________which are injections that have a small
dose of the __________________mixed into it and it helps build up the body’s immunity against the
disease.
viii. SWINE FLUSwine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that causes regular outbreaks in pigs.
People do not normally get swine flu, but human infections can and do happen. Swine flu viruses have been reported to spread from
person-to-person, but in the past, this transmission was limited and not sustained beyond three people.
Are there human infections with swine flu in the U.S.?
In late March and early April 2009, cases of human infection with swine influenza A (H1N1) viruses were first reported in
Southern California and near San Antonio, Texas. Other U.S. states have reported cases of swine flu infection in humans and
cases have been reported internationally as well. An updated case count of confirmed swine flu infections in the United
States is kept at http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/investigation.htm CDC and local and state health agencies are working
together to investigate this situation.
Is this swine flu virus contagious?
CDC has determined that this swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is contagious and is spreading from human to human.
However, at this time, it not known how easily the virus spreads between people.
What are the signs and symptoms of swine flu in people?
The symptoms of swine flu in people are similar to the symptoms of regular human flu and include fever, cough, sore
throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Some people have reported diarrhea and vomiting associated with swine
flu. In the past, severe illness (pneumonia and respiratory failure) and deaths have been reported with swine flu infection in
people. Like seasonal flu, swine flu may cause a worsening of underlying chronic medical conditions.
How does swine flu spread?
Spread of this swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is thought to be happening in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu
viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing of people with influenza. Sometimes people
may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.
How can someone with the flu infect someone else?
Infected people may be able to infect others beginning 1 day before symptoms develop and up to 7 or more days after
becoming sick. That means that you may be able to pass on the flu to someone else before you know you are sick, as well as
while you are sick.
What should I do to keep from getting the flu?
First and most important: wash your hands. Try to stay in good general health. Get plenty of sleep, be physically active,
manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat nutritious food. Try not touch surfaces that may be contaminated with
the flu virus. Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
Are there medicines to treat swine flu?
State
# of laboratory
Yes. CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or
confirmed
cases
prevention of infection with these swine influenza viruses. Antiviral drugs are prescription
medicines (pills, liquid or an inhaler) that fight against the flu by keeping flu viruses from
California
10 cases
reproducing in your body. If you get sick, antiviral drugs can make your illness milder and
Kansas
2 cases
make you feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. For
New York City
45 cases
treatment, antiviral drugs work best if started soon after getting sick (within 2 days of
symptoms).
Ohio
1 case
Texas
6 cases
TOTAL COUNT
64 cases
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Monerans (Bacteria)
How are Monerans classified?_____ Groups of Monerans
1. Archaebacteria
i. Live in _____________ habitats
ii. Obligate anaerobes vs. obligate aerobes
iii. c. Concentrated salt water (Great Salt Lake Utah, Dead Sea in M. East) or Hot, acidic waters of sulfur
springs.
2. Eubacteria
Wide array of habitats and metabolism
i. ___________________________- found everywhere
1. need _____________________ molecules as an energy source
2. incapable of trapping food; they must absorb nutrients from living organisms (parasites) or
saprobes (feed on dead organisms and wastes)
II.
Photosynthetic ______________________
1. obtain energy from light
2. cyanobacteria- blue-green in color/ rod-like structure
3. contains chlorophyll a
4. live in ponds, streams, moist areas
5. sometimes in chains of cell which is an exception to the
unicellular rule
III.
Chemosynthetic ________________________
1. obtain energy from breaking down inorganic substances
(sulfur, nitrogen compounds)
2. convert nitrogen into a useable form for plants
3. Characteristics of Bacteria
I.
________________________________________
II.
________________________________________
4. What are the 3 main shapes of bacteria?
i. _______________________ (cocci)
Ex. Streptococcus mutans- cause tooth decay
ii. _______________ (bacillus)
Ex. Treponema pallidum- causes syphilis STD
iii. ________________or comma-like (spirillum)
Ex. Clostridium botulinum- causes food poisoning
5. Structure of a bacterial cell
I.
Gram _____________________- 4 part procedure which uses certain dyes to make a bacterial cell
_________________ against its background. Uses crystal violet stain. _____________________
organisms will appear blue-black or _________________________. The thick cell wall retains the
stain.
II.
Gram-negative organisms will appear red or _________________ because they have a they have a
thinner cell wall but are harder to treat because they have an extra layer on the outside of the cell
wall that is hard to _________________with _______________________ like penicillin.
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6. How does Penicillin work against bacteria?
I.
________________ bacteria by interfering with enzymes that link the _____________ chains in the
cell walls
II.
Grow ________________ due to penicillin
III.
Water enters cells through _____________ and bacterium ruptures and dies
IV.
Nontoxic to viruses and animals because they do not have cell walls
V.
Nontoxic to plants because of their cellulose cell walls
7. Bacterial Reproduction
I.
Binary fission
1. ________________________ process
2. Bacterium copies its single chromosome
3. Copies attach to plasma membrane
4. Cell grows in size
5. Copies of chromosomes separate
6. Cell divides into 2 new cells each receiving a copy of the chromosome
7. 2 genetically ____________________ cells
8. __________________; doubling time of 20 minutes
9. Why should you take your antibiotics for the fully prescribed time period?
ii. Conjugation
1. Simple ___________________ reproduction
2. 1 bacterium transfers all or part of its chromosome to another cell by the bridgelike structure _________________ (pl. pili)
3. _______________________ of genetic material takes place
8. Bacterial Adaptations
I.
Obligate aerobes require __________________
1. Ex. E. coli
II.
Obligate anaerobes do not need oxygen and need to live without it.
1. Ex. bacterium that causes syphilis
III.
Endospores
1. hard outer covering that are resistant to drying out, boiling, chemicals
2. in response to unfavorable environments
IV.
_______________________- obligate anaerobes that form endospores in response to oxygen
1. find their way into canned foods if they have not been properly sterilized
2. leads to botulism (type of food poisoning)
9. Importance of bacteria
i. Nitrogen fixation- change nitrogen to useable nitrogen for plants
ii. Recycling of Nutrients
iii. Food---- sauerkraut, yogurt, cheese, sourdough bread, olives
iv. Medicine
10. Types of Bacterial Diseases
I.
Salmonella- Salmonellosis is an infection with a bacteria called____________________. Develop
______________, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection. Lasts 4 to 7 days, and
_______________ persons recover without treatment. However, in some persons the diarrhea may
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be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized. In these patients, the Salmonella infection
may spread from the intestines to the blood stream, and then to other body sites and can cause
death unless the person is treated promptly with _________________.
II.
Tetanus- “_________________” is a serious but preventable disease that affects the body's muscles
and nerves. Arises from a skin _________________ (like stepping on a nail) that becomes
contaminated by a bacterium called _______________________. This bacteria is often found in
_____________. Produce a neurotoxin (a protein that acts as a poison to the body's nervous
system) that causes muscle spasms. Without treatment, tetanus can be fatal. A tetanus
__________________ is available.
III.
Streptococcus- Group ___ streptococcus is a bacterium often found in the ______________ and on
the skin. Causes a mild illnesses such as "_______________ throat". Sometimes, other bacteria,
staphylococcus can cause severe and even life-threatening diseases like Toxic Shock Syndrome
known as _____. Treat with antibiotics.
IV.
Anthrax- The ______________________is called Bacillus anthracis. It usually responds effectively
to several antibiotics. Cutaneous anthrax: Most (about 95%) anthrax infections occur when the
bacterium enters a cut or abrasion on the__________, such as when handling contaminated wool,
hides, leather or hair products (especially goat hair) of infected animals. Skin infection begins as a
raised itchy bump that resembles an insect bite but within 1-2 days develops into a vesicle and then
a painless ulcer. ______________ anthrax and Gastrointestinal anthrax are other forms of anthrax.
Treatment using antibiotics should be used as soon as possible.
V.
Gonorrhea and Syphilis- STDs
In 35.3 read up on Dr. Jenner’s discovery of vaccines and Flemings discovery of penicillin
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