Download Humans can`t live without the Bile duct because if they don`t have

The Digestive Process:
The start of the process - the mouth: The digestive process
begins in the mouth. Food is partly broken down by the process
of chewing and by the chemical action of salivary enzymes (these
enzymes are produced by the salivary glands and break down
starches into smaller molecules).
On the way to the stomach: the esophagus - After being chewed
and swallowed, the food enters the esophagus. The esophagus
is a long tube that runs from the mouth to the stomach. It
uses rhythmic, wave-like muscle movements (called peristalsis)
to force food from the throat into the stomach. This muscle
movement gives us the ability to eat or drink even when we're
upside-down.
In the stomach - The stomach is a large, sack-like organ that
churns the food and bathes it in a very strong acid (gastric
acid). Food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed
with stomach acids is called chyme.
Nutrients that the Gall Bladder Absorbs:
The gall bladder absorbs and helps digest the fat in your food
with an acidic liquid called bile.
Can a Human Live without the Gall Bladder?:
A human can easily live without the gall bladder, and there
are people that have had their gall bladders removed. Without
the gall bladder, you will need to take pills to help your
digestion, but since the function of this organ can be replaced
or work using something else other than the organ, a human can
easily live without it.
The difference between a bile duct and a gall bladder is that
one of them, the gall bladder, digests the food with bile, and
the other one just moves the bile around to other places in the
human body.
Can Humans live without Bile Duct?:
Humans can’t live without the Bile duct because if they don’t have that organ,
there will be no bile to break up the food into smaller pieces when they eat. If any
of the bile ducts remain blocked for a period of time, severe damage or infection
can occur in the gallbladder, liver, or pancreas. If it is ignored and has not been
treated, the consequences are serious. Warning signs of a serious problem are fever,
jaundice (a sickness which the skin and the whites of eyes become yellow), and pain.
Christina’s group
Structure of the liver:
The liver has four parts, also known by body experts as lobes.
There are two main lobes--the right lobe, which is by far the
larger, and the left lobe. Two small lobes lie behind the right
lobe. The lobes are made up of smaller multi-sided units called
lobules, most livers contain about 50,000 to 100,000 lobules.
Each lobule consists of a central vein surrounded by tiny liver
cells grouped in sheets or bundles. These cells perform the work
of the liver.
The functions of the Liver:
The liver is an organ in the upper abdomen that helps in
digestion and removes waste products and worn-out cells from the
blood. It is the largest solid organ in the body. It had more
than 500 functions for our body and here are its main functions:
~ Manufacture proteins, albumin and blood clotting factors, ~
Metabolize fats, fatty acids and cholesterol
~ Metabolize and storing carbohydrates, the source for sugar in
blood that red blood cells and brain uses
~ Form and secrete bile that helps in the intestinal absorption
of fats and vitamins A, D, E and K
~ Eliminate harmful biochemical products produced by the body,
like bilirubin (from breakdown of old red blood cells) and
ammonia (from breakdown of proteins)
~ Detoxify drugs, alcohol and environmental toxins
~ Produces biochemicals necessary for digestion
~ supplying the blood constantly with amino acids, that could
not be stored, if it was not absorbed by the body, it would be
delivered to the kidneys as urea, and come out of the body as
liquid waste, urine.
Can we live without the liver?
It is vital for the survival of a human being, since there is no
way we can live without the liver function for a long time.
According to various of websites and books, there are currently
no way of living, surviving long term without the liver,
although liver dialysis could be used by people for short term
survival without the liver. But the Liver is still the second
most important organ in the body, except for maybe the Brain.
People who are having a liver disease could be saved by people
who are willing to donate half of their livers, donating livers
are possible because, according to scientific researches, the
liver could still grow to full size and continue doing its job
if it had 5% of it’s original size, so according to that theory,
a person who donates his liver could live with just 5% of his
liver, so that liver donating is a low risk and low consequences
surgery.
The Pancreas is located underneath the liver, above the
intestines. It can be split into 11 parts: the head; the uncinate
process; the pancreatic notch; the body; the anterior surface;
the inferior surface; the superior margin; the anterior margin;
the inferior margin; the omental tuber; and the tail. It produces
pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist the
absorption of nutrients, and assists the digestion in the small
intestine. The pancreatic fluid it secretes passes into the
small intestine, and helps to further break down the proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates in the chyme (partly digested food mixed
with acids and enzymes). Lack of a pancreas would result in
severe diabetes and an inability to digest food. However, that
doesn’t mean we can’t live without one. Those without a pancreas
must take daily injections of insulin and pills that contain
digestive enzymes for the rest of their lives, unless they
prefer to have a pancreatic transplantation.
In the small intestine - After being digested, food enters
the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. It then
enters the jejunum and then the ileum (the final part of the
small intestine). In the small intestine, bile (produced in the
liver and stored in the gall bladder), pancreatic enzymes, and
other digestive enzymes produced by the inner wall of the small
intestine help in the breakdown of food.
In the large intestine - After passing through the small
intestine, food passes into the large intestine. In the large
intestine, some of the water and electrolytes (chemicals like
sodium) are removed from the food. Many microbes (bacteria
like Bacteroides, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Escherichia coli,
and Klebsiella) in the large intestine help in the digestion
process. The first part of the large intestine is called the
cecum (the appendix is connected to the cecum). Food then
travels upward in the ascending colon. The food travels across
the abdomen in the transverse colon, goes back down the other
side of the body in the descending colon, and then through the
sigmoid colon.
The end of the process - Solid waste is then stored in the
rectum until it is excreted via the anus.
· The liver is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
· The liver creates a yellowish-brown colored thick fluid named bile. Bile
contains a fatty substance, and many bile pigments.
· The pigment named bilirubin is manufactured from the breakdown of
hemoglobin in the liver. Bile combines with bilirubin in the liver and then
passes into the duodenum. This material is also excreted out from the body
with feces.
· The bile is manufacturing continuously in the liver travels down to the
gallbladder via hepatic duct and cystic duct. Gallbladder collects the bile
and stored inside. The bile gets concentrated in the gallbladder and forced
to out to the duodenum common bile duct and pancreatic duct.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7xKYNz9AS0
(Edward) Below is our report on Small Intestine and Duodenum.
Small Intestine & Duodenum
Group Members:
Derek Yeung
Edward Tsui
Mark Tong
Kenneth Law
Sean Li
Class:
Year 8 Trust
Subject:
Date:
Science
15th, November, 2011
Submission Date: 22th, November, 2011.
Organs: 1. Small Intestine, 2. Duodenum.
Guiding questions
1) What is the function, structure and position of the organs? Derek
2) What are the names of the organs? (if any) Derek
3) Are they used for digestion or absorption? Edward
4) What kinds of nutrients are digested or absorbed in the organs? (describe and
illustrate the process) Mark and Sean
5) Can human live without that organ? Why? (give valid reasons to support your idea)
Derek a bit and mostly Edward
Organ 1: Small Intestine
1) (What is the function, structure and position of the Small Intestine?)
Small Intestine is a part of the digestive system called Gastrointestinal tract. It is
located below and followed by the stomach and it is then connected to the Large
Intestine and it last for about 6 meters long. As it needs a large surface area to absorb
so many food, the small intestine was folded many times called villus and villus had also
folded, called microvillus. Villus have small blood vessels to bring absorbed nutrients
around the body. There are a total of three parts in the small intestine, the duodenum,
the jejunum and the ilium.
Talking about the function, the small intestine is where most digestion made by
chemical are involved in. There are digestive enzymes that came from the pancreas,
where the digestive enzymes was stored in. There are also a type of chemical called
hormone cholecystokinin, which helps to tell the presence of nutrients, so that the
human body will do something to digest them. Here are the process of chemical
digestion (enzyme):
- Protein will be digested into amino acids by protease.
- Carbohydrate/starch will be digested into glucose/sugar by carbohydrase/amylase.
- Fats will be digested into fatty acids by lipase.
There are three main absorption. One of the absorption is simple diffusion, it is when
the cells concentrate on one side and let the nutrients go to the low concentration
side and absorb. Secondly, the method is called active transport, in which in simple
wordings, the nutrients are being transported by the proteins and the proteins are then
transported by the cells of the small intestine that will need energy input. Lastly, the
method is called diffusion, it is similar to active transport by no energy input is required.
2) (What are the names of the Small Intestine?)
There are three parts of the Small Intestine, in which it is duodenum (the beginning
of the small intestine, Jejunum (the part in the center of the small intestine) and Ileum
(located almost in the end).
3) (Are the Small Intestine used for digestion or absorption?)
The Small Intestine played a vital and a very important role for digestion and absorption.
The food digested by the human body had just gone through the stomach, which
stores food and has turned the food mixture to a liquidly mixture called chyme. The
Small Intestine is “the most extensive part in digestion” occurs. It is where most of the
digestion and absorption takes place. It breaks down the food mixture’s nutrition by the
digestive enzymes. The three main types of them are Lipase for Fats, Carbohydrates
for Glucose and Protease of Protein. After the Small intestine had digested the large
molecules to small ones, they will be sent via blood vessels and blood itself to every
part of the body. It will be through the chemical process of diffusion, where molecules
will move from a place where there is higher density to somewhere lower. By the end of
the process everywhere should have a same and average share of the nutrition. Food
may spend up to 4 hours in the Small Intestine to be completely digested.
The small intestine will judge which of the contains of the food was useful or not. If it
wouldn’t be useful to the body they will be processed to the Large Intestine and will
become solid wastes.
4) (What kinds of nutrients are digested or absorbed in the Small Intestine?)
It is inside the small intestine that we absorb most of the nutrients in our food. Although
the small intestine has a relatively small diameter, the intestinal walls are covered in
wrinkles called rugae, which are themselves covered in millions of finger-like projections
called villi. This provides a surface-area of about the size of a tennis court for nutrient
absorption. Inside each villus is a series of lymph vessels (lacteals) and blood vessels
(capillaries). The lacteal lymph vessel absorbs digested fat into the lymphatic system
which eventually drains into the bloodstream. The blood vessels receive other nutrients
and transport them via the hepatic portal vein to the liver. Here the blood is filtered,
toxins are removed and the nutrients are processed. An important task performed by
the liver in this context is the regulation of blood glucose levels to provide sufficient
energy for the body. Excess glucose is converted in the liver to glycogen in response to
the hormone insulin, and stored. Then, when blood glucose levels begin to drop, (eg.
between meals), the glycogen is re-converted to glucose in response to messages
conveyed by the hormone glucagon.
5) (Can human live without a Small Intestine?)
If your Small Intestine did not worked properly, you will be suffering from lack of nutrition
(malnutrition). Humans could not live without a small intestine. It is the primary source
and place where the human body absorbs nutrition from food. For a short period you
may not necessarily absorb nutrition as your body could live on with only water and
energy, however for a long period if you are not able to absorb the nutrition you need
you could suffer from organ problems, anaemia, broken bones and depression etc. It
will ultimately cause death. Fortunately the rate of Small Intestine diseases are rather
low and rare. It is because usually if you consume unhealthy food it costs problems
for your kidney, liver, high-blood pressure and overweight. The main function of small
intestine was to absorb the “good” nutrition, rather than digesting and processing
the “bad” nutrition consumed.
Even with technical advances, the functions and importance of the small intestine could
never be replaced.
Organ 2: Duodenum
1) (What is the function, structure and position of the Duodenum?)
The duodenum is located just below the stomach, pass the Gasteroduodenal Junction
and near the Liver and around the Pancreas, where duodenum is curve around the
pancreas and very close to the liver, where it is three inches pass the Gasteroduodenal
Junction, which is the area where the bile travels from the Bile Duct that helps to digest
some of the food. Some biologist says that it is a beginning part of the Small Intestine,
some argued about that. Although its just the beginning part of the Small Intestine, it
is a long tube. The duodenum is about ten inches in length, but less that two inches
in diameter. There are simply four parts in the duodenum. First part is called superior
part, second part is called descending part, third part is called horizontal part, fourth part
is called ascending part.
The duodenum is a very important and metabolically active organ of the whole
Gastrointestinal System that digests even more food compared with the stomach.
There are many enzymes in there, adding with some bile, which is some alkaline fluid,
from the Gallbladder. The function of the duodenum is not only on digesting food and
nutrients, it is also to give hunger signals. It is a very complicated system which helped
to send hunger signals. The system operated mainly with hormones signaling the valve
located between the stomach and the duodenum to open after the person eats and
move the food to the duodenum. This organ will not stop when a gastric bypass surgery
was operating.
2) (What are the names of the organs?)
The duodenum are made out of four main parts, first part is called the superior part, the
second part is called the descending part, the third part of the duodenum is called the
horizontal part and the fourth part is called the ascending part.
3) (Are the Duodenum used for digestion or absorption?)
The Duodenum are used for digestion but not for absorption. It is responsible for
digesting the food for the intestines. It also neutralize the acidity of chyme from the
stomach before going to the small intestine. It also give out digestive enzymes which
help the digestion of fats.
4) (What kinds of nutrients are digested of absorbed in the Duodenum?)
Duodenum is to receive the incompletely digested food and to digest it completely.
The foods are mixed with stomach enzymes and acids in the stomach and digested
partially. The mixture of stomach acids and semi digested foods is called chyme.
Duodenum receives chyme and starts the process of breaking down it further. It
receives pancreatic juices from pancreas, bile juice from gallbladder and liver that helps
in further breakdown of food. These secretions are very essential for the digestion
process to take place in duodenum.
5) (Can Human live without a Duodenum? Why?)
In Comparison to the Small Intestine, humans could live without a Duodenum. The
major functions of the Duodenum was to digest food for intestines and neutralize the
acidity of chyme, protecting the Small Intestine from its acidity. However the food had
been already digested pretty much through the process already and the small intestine
has the ability to digest the food itself. By medical technology I think it is possible to
add a connecting tube connecting the Stomach with the Small Intestine. The acidity of
chyme was not very high so the small intestine could afford it. Therefore I believe with
pills and medical treatment humans could live without a duodenum.
Bibliography/Reference:
Small Intestine
“Small Intestine.” Wikipedia. 14th, November, 2011. 15th, November, 2011 <http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine>
Rosenberger, Erich. Structure and function of the small intestine. 2011. Helium. 15th,
November, 2011 <http://www.helium.com/items/820147-structure-and-function-of-thesmall-intestine>
"Your Digestive System." KidsHealth - the Web's Most Visited Site about Children's
Health. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/digestive_system.html>
"Small Intestine Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - National Cancer Institute." Comprehensive
Cancer Information - National Cancer Institute. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://
www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/smallintestine/Patient>
"Digestion In Small Intestine: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum." Weight Loss Diet Program,
FREE Diet Advice! Weight Loss Diets, Low Carb Plan. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://
www.annecollins.com/digestive-system/small-intestine-digestion.htm>
Three parts of the Small Intestine. Online Image. 21st, November,
2011 <http://www.google.com.hk/imgres?
q=parts+of+the+small+intestine&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&sa=N&gbv=2&tb
m=isch&tbnid=DXV-jsLEQVnxZM:&imgrefurl=http://www.fashion-writings.com/
three-sections-small-intestine/&docid=4_Ja81KAiChiqM&imgurl=http://
www.fashion-writings.com/img/vv/three-sections-of-the-small-intestine/
d7_smallintestine.jpg&w=300&h=225&ei=2TPKTvHAGoeTiAeakvnhDw&zoom=1&iact=
rc&dur=446&sig=100487381784044032660&page=3&tbnh=125&tbnw=178&start=39&n
dsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:39&tx=72&ty=42&biw=1280&bih=644>
Duodenum
Rosenberger, Erich. Structure and function of the duodenum. 2011. Helium. 17th,
November, 2011 <http://www.helium.com/items/1288941-structure-and-function-of-theduodenum>
“Duodenum.” Wikipedia. 17th, November, 2011. 19th, November, 2011 <http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum>
"Duodenum: Definition from Answers.com." Answers.com: Wiki Q&A Combined with
Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, and Encyclopedias. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://
www.answers.com/topic/duodenum>
"Duodenum - New World Encyclopedia." Info:Main Page - New World Encyclopedia.
Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Duodenum>
"What Is the Duodenum?" WiseGEEK: Clear Answers for Common Questions. Web. 21
Nov. 2011. <http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-duodenum.htm>
(END)
Investigating Organs:
Large Intestine and Appendix
Group Members from Y8T:
Angel Wong
Jason Yip
Mandy Wan
Jason Yu
Au Yeung Hon
Inquiry Questions:
1)What are the function, structure and position of the organs?
2)What are the names of the organs? (If any)
Large Intestine:
The function of the large intestine is to absorb water from the remaining undigested materials
such as dietary fiber, secretions from the alimentary, and to pass useless wastes form the body.
The large intestine consists of the cecum and colon. It is in the abdomen (abdominal cavity).
The cecum is the first part of the large intestine and the colon is divided into three parts: the
ascending colon, the transverse colon and the descending colon. The colon leads to the rectum,
which ends up with the anus.
There are more than 700 species of bacteria in the large intestine. Bacteria produced shortchain fatty acids when metabolizing undigested polysaccharides (fiber). The large intestine
absorbs the fatty acids by passive diffusion. The large intestine also secretes bicarbonate to
neutralize the acidity due to these fatty acids.
The bacteria also produce a lot of vitamins,
especially vitamins K and B, which are absorbed into the blood.
The large intestine extends from the caecum to anus is about 4.9 ft. long.
Appendix:
The appendix doesn’t have any functions in our digestive system.
The appendix is attached to the cecum. It contains lymphoid tissue, which give immunity to the
appendix. Appendicitis is the result of the blockage that traps infectious material in the lumen.
The appendix is about 8.75 to 10 cm. it is pale in color and is soft in consistence with its blood
vessels hardly visible.
By Mandy Wan and Jason Yu
Inquiry Questions:
3. Are they used for digestion or absorption?
4. What kinds of nutrients are digested or absorbed in the
organs? (Describe and illustrate the process)
Large Intestine:
Large intestine is use for digestion, its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible
food, and then pass out useless waste materials from the body. The large intestine takes about
16 hours to finish the processes of the digestive system. Food is no longer broken down at this
stage of digestion. The colon absorbs vitamins, which are created by the colonic bacteria - such
as vitamin K (especially important as the daily ingestion of vitamin K is not normally enough to
maintain adequate blood coagulation), vitamin B12, thiamine and riboflavin. It also compacts
feces, and stores fecal matter in the rectum until it can be discharged via the anus in defecation.
Appendix:
Appendix helps support the immune system in two ways. It helps tell lymphocytes where they
need to go to fight an infection and it boosts the large intestine's immunity to a variety of foods
and drugs. The latter helps keep your gastrointestinal tract from getting inflamed in response to
certain food and medications you ingest.
Digestion takes place almost continuously in a watery, slushy environment. The large intestine
absorbs water from its inner contents and stores the rest until it is convenient to dispose of it.
Attached to the first portion of the large intestine is a troublesome pouch called the appendix
(vermiform). The appendix has no function in modern humans, however it is believed to have
been part of the digestive system in our primitive ancestors.
By: Angel Wong and Jason Yip
Inquiry Question: Can human live without these organs?
Large Intestine:
Human can live without the large intestine if necessary.
One of the main functions of the large intestine is absorbing water and left over nutrient such as
vitamins that are created by the bacteria inhabiting the colon and electrolytes from the ingesta.
Another main function of the large intestine is that it acts as a channel of transporting ingesta
and waste material to the rectum. Food come out from the small intestine will enter the large
intestine. They will pass through the ascending, transverse and descending colon to the rectum,
to ready for be egest from your body.
However, human can still live without it (Large Intestine). Firstly, in fact, most of the absorption
takes place in the small intestine. Small intestine is an organ, which absorb majority of the
minerals and 90% of water. It then sends them to many different body parts through blood
streams. Therefore, without the large intestine will only affect the quality of digestion. There will
only be a certain lost of nutrient and will not affect absorption of nutrients too much.
Next, there is real life case that human can live without the large intestine. Human who lost the
large intestine cannot egest waste normally from the anus because food cannot be past to the
without the large intestine. Instead, there will be an external pouch
connected to the small intestine. Waste will be directly past into the pouch and the pouch
will be changed frequently. If the anus of that patient hasn’t been removed, the pouch can be
connected to the anus directly. Then, the patient can still excrete normally. But if not, the patient
can only take the way of changing the pouch frequently.
There are real life examples that people who had colorectal cancer and their large intestine has
to be removed (colectomy). Then, an external pouch will be attached from the small intestine
to the anus (inside their body). It brings inconvenience for their life. They cannot eject normally
and will have certain level of immobility. The patient will be able to return to his or her normal
activities with a good quality of life despite the absence of the entire colon.
However, if even their anus has to be removed, they have to cut a hole on their tummy
and attach a pouch inside connecting the small intestine. They will need to receive medical
treatment to change the pouch frequently. It brings the problem of odor for the patient because
they can’t control how often the food drops into the pouch. Without the large intestine, food will
be very watery and so it will slip easily down to the pouch.
Appendix:
Human can certainly live without the appendix.
Basically, the appendix has no significant function for the human body. It located at the cecum,
connecting it. It is a narrow short blind tube. It is believed that the appendix had function in our
ancestor body. It contains bacteria, which helps to digest raw food (Our ancestor eat raw grass
and meat as their meal). It also contains masses of lymphoid tissue, which gives the appendix
an important role in immunity in the past. However, most of its lost most of its functions through
the evolution process, a vestigial structure. Therefore, there is no significant usage for modern
human.
On the other hand, the appendix is even a trouble-making organ. Since it has only one exit and
entrance, food drops into it will not be removed easily and will be trapped. Food can be dropped
into appendix when human does exercise within the digestion process. It will cause appendicitis.
Symptoms of appendicitis include muscular rigidity, localized pain in the right lower quarter of
the abdomen, and vomiting. Chief danger of appendicitis is that is may rupture and empty its
contents of fecal matter and waste into the abdominal cavity producing an extremely serious
condition called peritonitis. To solve appendicitis is simply remove the appendix. It will not affect
your health and daily life.
In some real life case, some people decided to remove the appendix when they born in order to
solve the concern of appendicitis.
Therefore, human can certainly live without the appendix.
By: Au Yeung Hon
Reference:
Website 1. Myers, Donna. "Diagram of the Appendix." Weblog post. About.com. The New York Times Company.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://coloncancer.about.com/od/thebasics/ig/Anatomy-of-the-Large-Intestine/
Appendix-Diagram.htm>.
"Appendix | Large Intestine." InnerBody.com | Human Body, Anatomy Charts, Anatomical Models. Web.
21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.innerbody.com/image_digeov/dige01-new.html>.
"Colon Cancer (Colorectal Cancer) Information, Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment on
MedicineNet.com." Colon Cancer (Colorectal Cancer). MedicineNet, Inc. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://
www.medicinenet.com/colon_cancer/article.htm>.
"Colon and Rectal Cancer Home Page - National Cancer Institute." Comprehensive Cancer Information National Cancer Institute. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/colon-andrectal>.
Rex, Douglas K. "Colon Cancer - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment of Colon Cancer - NY Times Health
Information." Health News - The New York Times. A.D.A.M., Inc., 28 Dec. 09. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/colon-cancer/overview.html>.
"Apendisitis Problem." Ask a Doctor Online - Online Doctor 24x7. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://
www.healthcaremagic.com/healthpage/apendisitis-problem>.
"Large Intestine: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image." National Library of Medicine - National
Institutes of Health. A.D.A.M., Inc. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/
imagepages/19220.htm>.
"Thesis Defense Session: (( Rolo of Sonography in Diagnosis of Acute Apendisitis in Children from 1998
to 2007 in Bahrami Children’s Hospital))." Persian Medical Group. Awesome Inc., 21 Dec. 2010. Web.
21 Nov. 2011. <http://persianmedicalgroup.blogspot.com/2010/12/thesis-defense-session-rolo-of.html>.
Printed Material1. Chang, He. Ren Ti Bai Ke: Liao Jie Ren Ti Zhi Shi Bi Bei You Liang Cong Shu. Zhonghe: Han Yu Guo Ji
Wen Hua Gong Si, 2006. Print.
(I CAN’T PASTE THE PICTURE WITH SOME UNKNOWN REASONS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)
THE END
‘]]
Group members for Y8T
Jasmine Ng
Henry Lai
Chung ka hei
Miranda tang
For the salivay gland :
1. Structure
The salivary glands are solid structures, which contained millions of secretory cells. The tiny ducts are
run between the cells, they collect and deliver the saliva to a single, much larger, duct. The saliva is
carried by this large duct away from the gland and into the mouth.
Most of the animals have these three major pairs of salivary glands, they are Parotid Glands,
Submandibular Glands, Sublingual Glands
Location
* Around our mouths and throats
* Each of the three pairs of large salivary glands is shown by their names.
1. Parotid represents "near the ears”
2. Submandibular represents "under the mandible" (under the jaw-bone)
3. Sublingual represents "under the tongue”
2. Salivary Glands can produce salivary and the functions of salivary are:
* Cleansing the teeth
* During mastication and swallowing, food is Moisten and lubricated
* Food can be tasted because dissolve certain molecules
* It begins the chemical digestion of starches through the action of amylase, which break the starches
down to glucoses.
3. Are Salivary Glands used for digestion or absorption?
Salivary Glands are used for both digestion and absorption because they secrete digestive juices,
which include enzymes. The food can be broken down chemically into smaller molecules by such
enzymes. Thus, the foods are more easily absorbed by the body due to the foods become smaller
molecules.
4.The Salivary gland could produce salivary to break down starch molecules to maltose molecules.
So actually it can’t digest any thing.
5. people will not be able to live with out salivary gland because salivary gland is used to produce silivar
for wetting and softing the food to be swallow easyer and smother. If people live with out salivary
gland they might easily get foods stuck in their throt and blocked the breathing system.
We can live without salivary gland if we drink more water and not to consume solid food.
Bibliography
* http://www.entnet.org/HealthInformation/salivaryGlands.cfm
* http://biology.about.com/library/organs/blpathodigest3.htm
* http://www.science clarified.com/Di-El/Digestive-System
* http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/salivary_glands.html
For the Esophagus:
1. The function of Esophagus:
Esophagus is an organ which runs from the throat to the stomach. When a person is
swallowing some foods, it will go in to the mouth first, then the foods will run through the
pharynx second and larynx third. After that, it will finaly runs through the esophagus. Pharynx
is a small muscular tube which is connected to the esophagus. it lets air and foods to pass
through. Larynx is underneth pharynx which it's the upper part of the esophagus. When the
foods is running through the esophagus, it produce glands to keep it easy for swallowing. After
the foods go through the esophagus, it goes to the stomach for digesting and devolving the
foods.
1a. The structure of Esophagus:
The structure of the esophagus is made up of three main things which they are the mucosal
layer, submucosa and musularis. In the mucosal layer, it made up of many glands and the
musclaris mucosa. fro the submucosa, it made up of many fibrous connection tissues and also
many of the blood vessels. for the muscular, it made up of the muscle layers.
2. Name for esophagus:
There are also many other names for esophagus. Which esophagus is also called as throat and
gullet. these two names are the names which people usually called the esophagus.
3. Digestion of the esophagus:
Esophagus wasn't an organ use for digesting the foods but Esophagus is an organ to bring the
foods to the stomach and let the stomach to digest and devolve the food.
4. There are no mutrients are any substances are being digested for esophagus because this
organ wasn't used for digesting the food but esophagus is an organ which have some layers
and cells to make it become easier to swallow things and bring food to the stomach.
5. People can live without esophagus because we can use the artificial feeding tube to insert
the food to stomach.
The differences between salivary gland and esophagus:
Salivary gland is used to moiste foods before we swallow and digest it. But the esophagus is
giving the foods to have a smoothier surface into the digestion system. they two have a special
thing which they can't lose any one of them. If there's salivary gland, there must be esophagus.
Stomach & Rectum
Ivan (Stomach)
Nicolas (Stomach)
Yscilla (Rectum)
Kenneth Chan (Rectum)
Stomach
What are the structure, position, and function of the Stomach?
First, let me talk about the function of stomach. Stomach have 3 main functions, first to store
the food you’ve eaten, second break the food into liquid mixture and lastly third, to transfer the
liquidly mixture into the small intestine to digest. Food is also crushed in the esophagus, which
is the tube that transfers food to the stomach after you’ve eaten the food. The easiest way to
recognize the stomach is that when you look at a diagram of the human body, you can see that
there is an organ shaped “J”, and that’s the Stomach.
Then, here is some information about the position of the Stomach. Stomach is at the top of
every organ (besides esophagus). And it is placed in the middle-left of the human body, very
near to the heart. Also, it’s connected with the esophagus on the top and connected with the
small intestine on the base. The stomach is like a semi-circle. On the left, it’s the liver.
And lastly, I will talk about the structure of the stomach (how it works).
Same, let me review something first. The food will go to the stomach through the esophagus,
and the stomach will break down food and put it into liquidly mixture. Lastly, the mixture will
go to the small intestine to digest. The stomach has 15 main parts, and other group mates will
describe the function of those 15 main parts.
Can human live without Stomach? Why?
I my personal opinion, I think people can’t live without stomach, because stomach is an organ
that break your food and send it to other organ and make it out of the human body. If there is
no stomach, you will be very fat, because you food have no where to go, so the food will stay
in your body forever and gives you weight. But the bad thing about stomach is that when you
eat something junk, the stomach will create pain and you can’t eat tasty food for about 1 to 2
weeks, it will be much more good without pain. So, for me, stomach is really a important part of
our organs, so what’s your opinion?
By Ivan Ho
What are the names of the organs? (if any)
There are a lot of smaller organs inside the stomach, such as connection to the esophagus,
cardiac notch, fundus, body, angular notch, pyloric atrium, area of pyloric sphincter, 1st part of
the duodenum, lesser curvature, and greater curvature for the outside of the structure. For the
inside, there is esophagus, cardiac notch, fundus, body, gastric folds or rugae, angular notch,
pylorusof stomach, pyloric sphincter, first part of the duodenum.
Are they used for digestion or absorption?
The stomach is used for digesting and storage compartment, digestive tube, food mixer and
sterilizing system.
What kinds f nutrients are digested or absorbed in the organ?
The stomach only digests protein and fat.
By Nicolas
Rectum
Digestion or absorption
Rectum is not use for absorption but digestion. Digestion is something go passes the anus and
out of the body. Absorption is something that stays in the body, absorb by different digestive
systems.
Function Structure and Position
Rectum is at the very bottom of all digestive systems. Rectum is an 8-inch chamber
that connects the colon to the anus. Rectum’s job is to receive stool from the colon, to
let the person know that there is stool to evaluate; also it is to hold the stool until the
evaluation happens. When gas or stool comes into the rectum, the sense of it will send
a message to the brain and let the brain decide whether it should be released or not. If
the brain doesn’t let it release, the sphincters relax and the rectum contracts, disposing
the content. If the content cannot be disposed, the sphincters contracts and the rectum
accommodates so that the sensation temporarily goes away. If the brain let the stool
release, the anus will excrete it.
By Yscilla
What is rectum?
Rectum: The last 6 to 8 inches of the large intestine. The rectum stores solid
waste until it leaves the body through the anus. The word rectum comes from the
Latin rectus meaning straight (which the human rectum is not).
The rectum is about eight inches long and serves basically as a warehouse for
poop. It hooks up with the sigmoid colon to the north and with the anal canal to
the south.
The rectum has little shelves in it called transverse folds. These folds help keep
stool in place until you're ready to go to the bathroom. When you're ready, stool
enters the lower rectum, moves into the anal canal, and then passes through the
anus on its way out.
The final part of the intestinal tract, 6 to 8 inches long, continuing from the colon
in the lower left part of the abdomen, and passing down through the pelvic cavity
to the anus. It has a large tubular capacity for storing faeces pending voiding,
but is flattened and empty between times. Like the rest of the intestines it has a
muscular wall and a mucus-secreting lining. Rectal examination can be medically
informative: the other organs in the pelvis can be felt through its walls by a
gloved finger, allowing recognition, for example, of enlargement of the prostate
gland or of the uterus.
Rectal examination by a gloved finger.
Can be replaced by a colostomy bag.
By Kenneth Chan
You can live without a rectum. You would need surgery to be placed on a
colostomy bag but, you'd be just fine.