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Chapter 4
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CO 4
What is life?
All living things use energy, have the ability to do work,
maintain themselves, and grow.
• Building Blocks for life
Water, Hydrocarbons
(Organic Compounds)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
• Carbohydrates
– An organic compound that consists of chains or rings of
Carbon with Hydrogen and Oxygen attached to them.
– The simplest carbohydrates are glucose (simple sugars)
– Used for energy, structural molecules (Chitin and
Cellulose)
• Proteins
– Nitrogen containing organic molecules That play many
crucial roles in organisms.
– Protein sub units are called amino acids.
– Functions as:
•
•
•
•
Muscles
Enzymes- speed up or catalyze specific chemical reactions
Structure- hair, skin, and skeletons
Hormones- chemicals that act as messengers to help different
parts of the body work together
• Lipids
– Organic molecules that are often used by organisms in
the long-term storage of energy, waterproofing,
buoyancy, and insulation.
• Fats, Oils, and Waxes
– Whale blubber
– Waterproofing from preening glands
– Cuticle waxes that protect plants
• hormones
• Nucleic Acids
– Organic compounds that store and transmit genetic
information.
• Nucleic acids are chains of repeated subunits called nucleotides
that consist of a simple sugar joined to molecules containing
Phosphorus and Nitrogen.
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains all instructions for
construction and maintenance within a cell.
– An organisms complete genetic information is called a Genome.
– The order of the different nucleotides within the DNA chain is called a
Sequence.
» Nucleotides contain only four different types of Nitrogen bases:
Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Guanine.
– Each sequence is called a Gene.
– RNA (ribonucleic acid) consists of chains of four types of nucleotides
like DNA, but Thymine is replaced with Uracil (catalyses chemical
reactions).
Figure 4.01
• Fuel of Life (Energy currency of Life)
– ATP( adenosine triphosphate ) a high energy molecule
based on adenosine. Energy is stored as chemical energy
by converting a related but lower energy molecule ADP
(adenosine diphosphate), into ATP.
Figure 4.04
Carbon fixation
Figure 4.05
Burning of fuel
Figure 4.06
Autotrophs
Figure 4.07
Prokaryotic cell
What is missing?
Figure 4.08a
Eukaryotic cell
Figure 4.08b
Table 4.01
Figure 4.09
Figure 4.10
Figure 4.11
Figure 4.12
Ions tend to move into homogenous solution
Figure 4.13a
Figure 4.13b
Figure 4.13c
Figure 4.14a
Figure 4.14b
Figure 4.15
Figure 4.16
Figure 4.17
Figure 4.18
Figure 4.19
Examples of budding (asexual reproduction)
Figure 4.20b
Example of a haploid gamete
Germ tissue
What is it?
Figure 4.21d
Plant reproduction strategies can also be sexual
Figure 4.23
Phylogenetics
Figure 4.24
• Biological Nomenclature
– Organisms are identified biologically by two names.
• Their Genus
• Their species epithet
For example:
The spiny lobster found off California (Panulirus interruptus).
The spiny lobster found off the Florida Keys (Panulirus argus).
Same name different species
Table 4.02
Deranged King Philip Can Only Find Green Socks