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Chapter 10 Section 2 What do we already know about Sparta? Dominated by the Military Lycurgus created society ~900 BCE-600 BCE ◦ Military emphasis was to prevent slave revolts ◦ How do you make a city-state secure and protect it? ◦ Spartan Answer: Military Power ◦ Daily life reflected this emphasis ◦ Discipline, obedience, Courage Serve in the army Newborns: examined for health ◦ Healthy-future soldier ◦ Unhealthy-abandoned Age 7: boys taken by the state for mandatory training (agoge) Spartan men would serve in the military until age 60 Age 7-21 (like boot camp for 14 years) Goal: teach stealth, loyalty to Sparta, military training, hunting, dancing, ability to live with hardship to future Spartan citizens Boys: run, jump, swim, throw javelins (create basic strength and endurance) ◦ Hardships-no shoes or heavy clothes, minimal food (why?) ◦ Encouraged to steal, but if caught they were severely punished Once older: emphasis placed on weapons, phalanx, boxing, wrestling ~age 21 Spartans became a part of the Spartan army “walls of Sparta” Lived in barracks until ~age 30, even if marriedlittle interaction with family (why?) Age 30: became a member of the assembly and lived with family Self-discipline: necessary for soldiers ◦ Reinforce this-tough lives, no luxuries Comforts make you weak Simple food and furniture (bare necessities) Admired by their enemies for discipline More rights and authority than other Greek women ◦ Spartan men-away at war Women stepped up to rule and manage Sparta Some women owned land Physical training: ◦ run, jump, wrestle, gymnastics ◦ Create healthy offspring ◦ Different clothing expectations Most Greek women were expected to make cloth ◦ Spartan women did not-job of slaves: beneath wives and mothers of soldiers Government: Two kings-led army Elected officials (assembly) ◦ Ran day to day stuff, diplomacy Who does everything else? Helots-slaves ◦ Grew food and performed all tasks that were “beneath” Spartan citizens ◦ Conquered peoples ◦ Outnumbered Spartans 20:1 ◦ Feared the army ◦ Made the Spartan society possible “Reading and writing they gave them, just enough to serve their turn; their chief care was to make them good subjects, and to teach them to endure pain and conquer in battle.” -Plutarch What do we already know about Athens? Birth of democracy Sparta’s rival Leader vs Persians Powerful Army Valued: physical training, education, clear thinking, the arts Boys-physical (run, jump, fight) and academic education ◦ Not as harsh as Spartans All Athenian men served in armyage 18-20 (defend city) ◦ After age 20-only in times of war ◦ Age 60-exempt Eligible for more formal education ◦ Dependent on what? Wealthy Read, write, count, sing, play music Greek history, legends: Illiad and Poor Read, write, count (maybe) Farmers ◦ Grow food for the rich Odyssey Private tutors ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Philosophy Geometry Astronomy Public speaking (Why?) Tradesmen and craftspeople Education: minimal (possibly private tutors) ◦ Weaving & sewing Lack of rights ◦ No part in government (assembly or jury) ◦ Confined to home Except special occasions ◦ Could not own property ◦ Strict obedience To husband and father Greco-Persian wars: Allies (common enemy) ◦ After- became rivals (expansion of Athenian power) After Persian Wars: Athens continued protection from Persian Navy ◦ Expanded influence Many city-states formed alliance ◦ Delian League ◦ Punish Persians, defense, protect trade Taxed-to pay for goals of Alliance (stored on Delos) Athens (strongest) ◦ Turned alliance into an Athenian empire ◦ Expanded, misused taxes Alliance of city-states on the Peloponnesus ◦ Led by Sparta Concerned by Athens’ power 431 BCE-Sparta declared war on Athens to stop Athenian expansion Phase 1 ◦ Spartans besieged Athens & burned crops surrounding the city (why?) ◦ Athenian navy Brought food and supplies into Athens Attacked Sparta’s allies throughout Greece ◦ Sparta divided army to protect allies ◦ Disease spread through Athens ◦ 10 years later-Truce Athens kept empire Spartans returned home Phase 2 ◦ 415 BCE-Athens attempted to conquer Sicily Sicilian forces destroyed Athenian army and most of the navy ◦ Sparta saw opportunity Attacked Athens Cut off supplies to Athens (why successful this time?) ◦ Athens surrendered 404 BCE Sparta wins Peloponnesian War Sparta-most powerful city-state in Greece ◦ Rule Greece for 30 years Other city-states resent Spartan rule Period of war amongst city-states Greece became vulnerable to outside threats