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Human Learning
(PLLT) 78-86
1. Mention the 4 aspects that you need to know take into account before
teaching something to your students
 Entry behavior
 Objectives to be reached
 Methods of training
 Evaluation procedure
2. What’s learning?
- “acquiring or getting of knowledge of a subject or a skill
by study, experience, or instruction”
- “a relatively permanent change in behavioral tendency, …
the result of reinforced practice”
3. How did Pavlov conceive learning?
- For Pavlov, the learning process consisted of the
formation of associations between stimuli and reflexive
responses.
4. Why did Skinner call Pavlovian conditioning respondent
conditioning?
- Because Pavlovian conditioning was more concerned with
respondent behavior –that is, behavior that is elicited by a
preceding stimulus.
- Stimulus  behavior
5. What are reinforcers in operant conditioning?
- They are the consequences of our behavior.
6. What are operants in operant conditioning?
- They are classes of responses that are emitted and
governed by the consequences they produce.
7. What are respondents in operant conditioning?
- They are sets of responses that are elicited by identifiable
stimuli.
8. What happens if parents ignore their child’s crying?
- So that the absence of reinforcers extinguishes the
behavior
9. What’s punishment?
- It could be either the withdrawal of a positive reinforcer
or the presentation of an aversive stimulus.
10.
-
Mention some disadvantages of punishments:
They don’t “erase” the response that we want to avoid
They generate “fear”
“..both the punished organism and the punishing agency
are in disadvantage”
11. According to Skinner, what’s the best way to extinct a
response?
- The best way is with the absence of reinforcement
towards negative responses, as well as reinforcing
positively the alternative responses.
12. What was Skinner’s model contribution to language
teaching?
- He says that virtually any subject matter can be taught
effectively and successfully by a carefully designed
program of step-by-step reinforcement.
- It was possible to create programmed instruction.
13. What was Ausubel’s idea of learning?
- Learning takes place in humans trough a meaningful
process of relating new events or items to already
existing cognitive concepts or propositions.
14. Mention some mental processes in which Ausubel’s
Meaningful Learning Theory can be applied:
- Acquisition of new meanings
- Retention
- Psychological organization of knowledge as a hierarchical
structure
- Eventual occurrence of forgetting
15. What’s the difference between rote learning and
meaningful learning?
- Rote learning involves mental storage of items having
little or no association with existing cognitive structure.
- Meaningful learning may be described as a process of
relating and anchoring new material to relevant
established
entities
in
cognitive
structure.
16. What does Ausubel’s theory mean when it says that
knowledge should be subsumed?
- It means that new information should be related to
already existing elements in cognitive structure so that it
becomes meaningful.
17. What does Frank Smith mean when he says that you
can manufacture meaningful learning?
- He says that we can make new learning become
meaningful if we are really motivated to do so. You can
use mnemonics and / or other techniques to make your
learning be meaningful.
18. Why is meaningful learning so important if rote
learning also means “learning”?
- Because meaningful learning allows retention and longterm memory while rote learning will be gone as soon as
the needed information is used.