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Part1
Gender – The range of differences between men and women. Gender includes
biological as well as social differences between the sexes.
Identity – Identity is used to describe how a man or woman perceives themselves as
a separate individual.
Identifying Against
Race – A category of population that is distinguished from another population by
some set of heritable traits.
Racism – Discrimination of one population by another population.
Residential Segregation – Physical separation of different groups within an area
based on different factors that can include race and income.
Invasion and Succession – new immigrants to a city often move to areas occupied by
older immigrant groups and eventually replace the older group.
Sense of place - A place that has a strong identity or character. Some places are
said to have a sense of place when some social aspect of the place produces a strong
feeling in the people who live there and even some visitors.
Ethnicity – Identifying with a particular racial or cultural group and observing that
group’s customs and beliefs.
Space – freedom from pressure to explore one’s individuality.
Place – particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together
over time in a particular location.
Gendered – having or making gender-based distinctions.
Queer theory – focuses on political engagement of ‘queers’ with the
‘heteronormative’.
Dowry deaths – deaths of women who are either killed or commit suicide by
continuous harassment and torture by their husbands and in-laws in an attempt to
extort more money (an increased dowry) from the woman’s family.
Barrioization - dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a neighborhood.
Part 2
Language – a set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols that are used for
communication.
Culture – patterns, traits, beliefs, and institutions of a particular population.
Standard language – particular variety of a language that has either been given legal
or quasi-legal status.
Dialects – regional or social variety of a language that is distinguished by
pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary differences from the standard.
Isogloss – a geographic boundary that delineates the area where a given linguistic
feature occurs. The classic example of isogloss is the line in southern New Jersey
that demarcates the geographic boundary of people who use the word ‘pail’ versus
‘bucket’.
Mutual intelligibility – the relationship between languages in which speakers of two
languages that are different, but related, can understand each other.
Dialect chains – range of dialects spoken across a large geographic area and they
differ only slightly between areas, but there is decreasing mutual intelligibility as
the distances become greater.
Language families – group of languages that are related by a common
protolanguage.
Subfamilies – a group of clearly related languages. It is a genetic group of languages
that have numerous cognates and regular correspondences. The features can be
accounted for as the language diffused and diverged over a long period of time.
Indo-European languages are an example of subfamilies.
Sound shift – a slight change in a word across languages over time.
Proto-Indo_European – prehistoric, unrecorded language that was the language of
all Indo-European languages.
Backward reconstruction – tracking sound shifts and the hardening of consonants
backward to reveal an ‘original’ language.
Extinct language – a language becomes extinct when there are no longer any people
to speak the language. In most cases, an extinct language is replaced by another
language. A good example of this would be a Native American language that was
replaced by a European language.
Deep reconstruction – using backward reconstruction to recreate ancient languages.
Nostratic – a proposed language family that includes many of the indigenous
language families of North America, Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Language divergence – when a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a
language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.
Language Convergence – when peoples with different languages have consistent
spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one.
Renfrew hypothesis – Proto-Indo-European began in the Fertile Crescent, and then
from Anatolia diffused Europe’s languages, from the Western Arc of Fertile Crescent
diffused North Africa and Arabia’s languages, and from the Eastern Arc of Fertile
Crescent diffused Southwest Asia and South Asia’s languages.
Conquest theory – idea that the Proto-Indo-European language family was spread
through the conquest of neighboring states. As the neighboring states were
conquered, they adopted the conquering state’s langage.
Dispersal hypothesis – Indo-European languages first moved from the hearth
eastward into present-day Iran and then around the Caspian and into Europe.
Romance languages – a branch of the Indo-European language family that comprises
all of the languages that descend from Latin.
Germanic languages – a branch of the Indo-European language family whose
common ancestor is Proto-Germanic. English and German are the two most widely
spoken Germanic languages.
Slavic languages - a subgroup of the Indo-European languages. It is mostly spoken
in Eastern Europe, the Balkans, Central Europe, and in northern Asia. Slavic
languages are descended from Proto-Slavic and are ultimately derived from ProtoIndo-European.
Lingua Franca – a language used among speakers of different languages for the
purposes of trade and commerce.
Pidgin language – a language created when people combine parts of two or more
languages into a simplified structure and vocabulary.
Creole language – a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure
and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people.
Monolingual states – a country in which only one language is spoken.
Multicultural states – a country in which more than one language is in use.
Official language – when a state adopts one of its multiple languages as the ‘official’
language.
Global language – language that has a large number of speakers and is used for
international trade.
Place - the uniqueness of a location, what people do in a location, what they create,
how they impart a certain character, a certain imprint on the location by making it
unique.
Toponym – a place name or a name derived from a place or region.
Part 3
Religion – set of beliefs, values, and practices based on the teachings of a spiritual
leader.
Secularism – indifference to, or rejection of, organized religious affiliations and
ideas.
Monotheistic religion – worship a single deity.
Polytheistic religion – worship more than one deity.
Animistic religion – belief that inanimate objects possess spirits and should be
revered.
Universalizing religion – religions that actively seek converts because members
believe they offer belief systems of universal appropriateness and appeal.
Ethnic religion – religions whose adherents are born into the faith and whose
members do not actively seek converts.
Hinduism – religion that originated in South Asia, in the Indus River Valley over
4000 years ago. The sacred text is the Vedas and it is a polytheistic religion.
Caste system – any of the hereditary or social classes or subclasses of traditional
Hindu society.
Buddhism – religion that splintered from Hinduism 2500 years ago. Originated in a
region from Nepal south to the Ganges River area. Belief that anyone can achieve
salvation and reach enlightenment. Founder was Siddartha (the Buddha).
Shintoism – local religion of Japan.
Taoism – religion that originated in China more than 2500 years ago. Believes in the
oneness of humanity and nature. Founder was Lao-Tsu.
Feng Shui – social manifestation of Taoism.
Confucianism – originated in China about 2500 years ago. Belief that the real
meaning of life lay in the present. Founder was Confucius.
Judaism – originated in Southwest Asia about 4000 years ago. It was the first major
monotheistic religion and is based on a covenant between God and Abraham. The
founder was Abraham and the sacred text is the Torah.
Diaspora – the dispersion of Jews outside of Israel from the 6th century BC, when
they were exiled from Babylonia, until present time.
Zionism- social manifestation of Judaism.
Christianity – originated in Southwest Asia about 2000 years ago. It is a
monotheistic religion that is based on the teachings of Jesus and that those who
follow him with achieve eternal life. The sacred text is the Bible and the founder is
Jesus (son of God).
Eastern Orthodox Church – split from Roman Catholic church in 1054 and was
mainly the Eastern Roman empire.
Roman Catholic Church – split from Eastern Orthodox church in 1054, and was
mainly the Western Roman empire.
Protestant – split off from Roman Catholic churches in the 1400s and 1500s.
Islam – originated on Arabian peninsula about 1500 years ago. It is a monotheistic
religion based on the revelations that Muhammad received from Allah and the Five
Pillars. The sacred text is the Qu’ran and the founder was Muhammad.
Sunni – the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors
of Muhammad.
Shi’ite – mainly Iranian branch of Islam that regards Ali and his descendants as the
legitimate successors to Muhammad and rejects the first three caliphs.
Shamanism – a community faith tradition in which people follow their shaman, a
religious leader, teacher, healer, and visionary.
Pilgrimage – purposeful travel to a religious site to pay respects or participate in a
ritual at the site.
Sacred sites – places or spaces people infuse with religious meaning.
Minarets – tall slender tower attached to a mosque, having one or more projecting
balconies. The minarets are important to Islam because this is where the muezzin
summons the people to prayer.
Hajj – Pilgrimage to Mecca by a Muslim. This is important to Islam because each
Muslim is expected, if possible, to make the pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime.
Interfaith boundaries – boundaries between the world’s major faiths.
Intrafaith boundaries – boundaries within a single major faith.
Genocide – systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial,
political, or ethnic group.
Activity space – the space we live in from day to day.
Religious fundamentalism – a return to the basics of their faith. This is found in
Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.
Religious extremism - fundamentalism carried to the point of violence.
Shari’a laws – Islamic laws that are interpreted according to different schools of
thought.
Jihad – Either a holy or military struggle that is deemed to be a holy struggle in
Islam.