Molecular Perspectives on the Bantu Expansion
... the Bantu expansion has been proposed in different versions and the contents of the cultural package that accompanied the language spread vary from one proposal to another. In most models, metallurgy or grain cultivation are still absent during the first expansions through the equatorial rainforest, a ...
... the Bantu expansion has been proposed in different versions and the contents of the cultural package that accompanied the language spread vary from one proposal to another. In most models, metallurgy or grain cultivation are still absent during the first expansions through the equatorial rainforest, a ...
Lecture 9: Figurative Language Reading Types of Figurative
... Combination of two incompatible metaphorical mappings: If we can hit that bullseye then the rest of the dominoes will fall like a house of cards... Checkmate. Zapp Brannigan (Futurama) ...
... Combination of two incompatible metaphorical mappings: If we can hit that bullseye then the rest of the dominoes will fall like a house of cards... Checkmate. Zapp Brannigan (Futurama) ...
Translation - SAGE Journals
... equally possible to have two kinds of audiences when the source text is a technical document or an avant-garde work of art. In such cases ‘language’ may well refer to a vocabulary or set of expressions associated with a professional field or discipline, for example, law; it may imply a style of grap ...
... equally possible to have two kinds of audiences when the source text is a technical document or an avant-garde work of art. In such cases ‘language’ may well refer to a vocabulary or set of expressions associated with a professional field or discipline, for example, law; it may imply a style of grap ...
Foregone Conclusions?
... Pacific Islands were often framed in simple terms. The words used to talk about people in the Pacific and their past varied, but not the basic intellectual framework supporting them. Many, perhaps most, agreed that there were two kinds of native peoples on the islands, sometimes labeled as “Polynesi ...
... Pacific Islands were often framed in simple terms. The words used to talk about people in the Pacific and their past varied, but not the basic intellectual framework supporting them. Many, perhaps most, agreed that there were two kinds of native peoples on the islands, sometimes labeled as “Polynesi ...
Natural language acquisition and rhetoric in artificial intelligence
... human brains; so we have little reason to expect that they are the only other possible entity for artificial intelligence. ...
... human brains; so we have little reason to expect that they are the only other possible entity for artificial intelligence. ...
II. A Certain Inheritance: Nineteenth Century German
... development of anthropological and linguistic thinking (in hindsight marking the beginning of a modern philosophy of language). Although this essay already contained what would become one of Herder’s most original contributions, his concept of pluralism evolving out of his thoughts on language (as l ...
... development of anthropological and linguistic thinking (in hindsight marking the beginning of a modern philosophy of language). Although this essay already contained what would become one of Herder’s most original contributions, his concept of pluralism evolving out of his thoughts on language (as l ...
introduction to contrastive linguistics
... 1.2.2.2. Contrastive studies in science The origins of CL as a regular linguistic procedure can be traced back to the middle of the 15th century, and the appearance of the first contrastive theories to the beginning of the 17th century (cf. Krzeszowski 1990). In the 19th century comparative investig ...
... 1.2.2.2. Contrastive studies in science The origins of CL as a regular linguistic procedure can be traced back to the middle of the 15th century, and the appearance of the first contrastive theories to the beginning of the 17th century (cf. Krzeszowski 1990). In the 19th century comparative investig ...
“Code Switching” in Sociocultural Linguistics
... subject matter, should become aware of what their science may mean for the interpretation of human conduct in general. Whether they like it or not, they must become increasingly concerned with the many anthropological, sociological, and psychological problems which invade the field of language. [Sap ...
... subject matter, should become aware of what their science may mean for the interpretation of human conduct in general. Whether they like it or not, they must become increasingly concerned with the many anthropological, sociological, and psychological problems which invade the field of language. [Sap ...
West and NonWest - Montclair State University
... distributed today -- embracing perhaps half of the world's inhabitable surface area. However, the Indo-European family is limited in origin to those tongues appearing first in Europe, the Middle East, and India. Elsewhere in the world, a number of language-families seem to be completely unrelated to ...
... distributed today -- embracing perhaps half of the world's inhabitable surface area. However, the Indo-European family is limited in origin to those tongues appearing first in Europe, the Middle East, and India. Elsewhere in the world, a number of language-families seem to be completely unrelated to ...
the combination of critical discourse analysis
... Addressing the limitation within CLP and traditional LPP, it is widely used by scholars to examine agents and contexts across the multiple layers of language policy creation, interpretation and appropriation. It marries a critical focus on the power of marginalizing policy with a focus on agency (Ho ...
... Addressing the limitation within CLP and traditional LPP, it is widely used by scholars to examine agents and contexts across the multiple layers of language policy creation, interpretation and appropriation. It marries a critical focus on the power of marginalizing policy with a focus on agency (Ho ...
Rereading Romanticism, Rereading Expressivism: Revising "Voice
... true and radically unique. Social constructionists, by contrast, see language as the province of the social group and thus there can be no purely personal truth or unique expression. Taken together, Faigley and Berlin are constructionists who define themselves against expressivism on the issue of fr ...
... true and radically unique. Social constructionists, by contrast, see language as the province of the social group and thus there can be no purely personal truth or unique expression. Taken together, Faigley and Berlin are constructionists who define themselves against expressivism on the issue of fr ...
melanesian pidgin and second language acquisition
... These most fluent speakers of the prevailing pidgin interacted with English-speakers much more than did the laborers they recruited and supervised; many of them seem to have commanded a register closer to standard English as well as a pidgin that had come by the 1870s to incorporate many syntactic a ...
... These most fluent speakers of the prevailing pidgin interacted with English-speakers much more than did the laborers they recruited and supervised; many of them seem to have commanded a register closer to standard English as well as a pidgin that had come by the 1870s to incorporate many syntactic a ...
What Is the Sapir?Whorf Hypothesis? - Name
... Lenneberg (1954), Burnham and Clark (1955), Lenneberg (1961), Lantz and Stefflre (1964), and Stefflre, Castillo, and Morely (1966). The linguistic variable has come in two forms, “codability” and “communication accuracy.” The nonlinguistic variable has been “memorability.” Support for the Sapir-Whor ...
... Lenneberg (1954), Burnham and Clark (1955), Lenneberg (1961), Lantz and Stefflre (1964), and Stefflre, Castillo, and Morely (1966). The linguistic variable has come in two forms, “codability” and “communication accuracy.” The nonlinguistic variable has been “memorability.” Support for the Sapir-Whor ...
REREADING ROMANTICISM, REREADING EXPRESSIVISM: REVISING “VOICE” THROUGH WORDSWORTH’S PREFACES
... true and radically unique. Social constructionists, by contrast, see language as the province of the social group and thus there can be no purely personal truth or unique expression. Taken together, Faigley and Berlin are constructionists who define themselves against expressivism on the issue of fr ...
... true and radically unique. Social constructionists, by contrast, see language as the province of the social group and thus there can be no purely personal truth or unique expression. Taken together, Faigley and Berlin are constructionists who define themselves against expressivism on the issue of fr ...
Language Contact and Morphosyntactic - Phil.
... learners’ varieties on the other. It was acquired by both young and adult speakers through contact with German colonists (see Deumert 2003:577 and 2009:374–379). Some of the most important morphosyntactic characteristics of Black Namibian German include the missing case and gender marking of nouns, ...
... learners’ varieties on the other. It was acquired by both young and adult speakers through contact with German colonists (see Deumert 2003:577 and 2009:374–379). Some of the most important morphosyntactic characteristics of Black Namibian German include the missing case and gender marking of nouns, ...
chapter two - UM Students` Repository
... Morocco where the traditional and international Classic Arabic is spoken alongside Moroccan Arabic. He does not deal with analogous situations, where two distinct (related or unrelated) languages are used side by side throughout a speech community, each with its clearly defined role, such as Spanish ...
... Morocco where the traditional and international Classic Arabic is spoken alongside Moroccan Arabic. He does not deal with analogous situations, where two distinct (related or unrelated) languages are used side by side throughout a speech community, each with its clearly defined role, such as Spanish ...
How language changed the genes: toward an explicit account of the
... (1999), have tried to demonstrate that Generative Grammar does make evolutionary sense, but we believe that Chomsky is right: from the evolutionary perspective, his innateness claim cannot be reconciled with his specific characterisation of language as a non-functional cognitive apparatus. The oppos ...
... (1999), have tried to demonstrate that Generative Grammar does make evolutionary sense, but we believe that Chomsky is right: from the evolutionary perspective, his innateness claim cannot be reconciled with his specific characterisation of language as a non-functional cognitive apparatus. The oppos ...
the sociological repudiation of völkerpsychologie
... in the 1840s that each social estate possesses specific linguistic traits and that the spirit of disunity in Russia is such that if one found oneself in the “chance company” of various social groups, “you might think you were present at the distribution of tongues” (1963, p. 3). The Russian novel al ...
... in the 1840s that each social estate possesses specific linguistic traits and that the spirit of disunity in Russia is such that if one found oneself in the “chance company” of various social groups, “you might think you were present at the distribution of tongues” (1963, p. 3). The Russian novel al ...
From Cultural Selection to Genetic Selection: A Framework for the
... capacity is it? What is its function? What is the relationship between its function and its structure? The second question is that of the evolutionary process: how did the human species get to master this incredibly complex capacity, which, more than any other trait, distinguishes it from all other ...
... capacity is it? What is its function? What is the relationship between its function and its structure? The second question is that of the evolutionary process: how did the human species get to master this incredibly complex capacity, which, more than any other trait, distinguishes it from all other ...
Cultural evolution of language
... function as a unifying force to draw together the widely dispersed and largely unconnected subfields of contemporary linguistics. Taking an evolutionary perspective on language raises many questions: Does embedding language evolution within a general theory of cultural evolution produce elegant and ...
... function as a unifying force to draw together the widely dispersed and largely unconnected subfields of contemporary linguistics. Taking an evolutionary perspective on language raises many questions: Does embedding language evolution within a general theory of cultural evolution produce elegant and ...
View Full Paper - European Consortium for Political Research
... superior status vis-à-vis the other territorially defined vernaculars. Although they are vernaculars (with the possible exception of Mandarin), they are, so to speak, less territorially defined than the non-UN languages. The American political scientist Robert D. Putnam’s (1988) theory of foreign po ...
... superior status vis-à-vis the other territorially defined vernaculars. Although they are vernaculars (with the possible exception of Mandarin), they are, so to speak, less territorially defined than the non-UN languages. The American political scientist Robert D. Putnam’s (1988) theory of foreign po ...
PREDICTING DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH IN MUSIC BASED ON
... The early NLP researchers were very optimistic. The research was driven by the goal of developing automatic machine translation. Various systems were created but, although they worked perfectly on several, very limited examples, they were failing in the real-world applications. The research came to ...
... The early NLP researchers were very optimistic. The research was driven by the goal of developing automatic machine translation. Various systems were created but, although they worked perfectly on several, very limited examples, they were failing in the real-world applications. The research came to ...
New Paths in the Linguistic Anthropology of Oceania
... “Oceania” conventionally denotes the Pacific islands, extending from New Guinea and the Northern Mariana Islands in the west and northwest to Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the east, and from New Zealand in the south to Hawai’i in the north. In 1832, d’Urville classified the islands in three groups: Mela ...
... “Oceania” conventionally denotes the Pacific islands, extending from New Guinea and the Northern Mariana Islands in the west and northwest to Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the east, and from New Zealand in the south to Hawai’i in the north. In 1832, d’Urville classified the islands in three groups: Mela ...
Linguistic anthropology: Language as a non
... completely different and etymologically unrelated words such as liquid, rain, dew, river, lake, brook, etc. in American Indian languages, Boas pointed out, the words for those very same referents may all share a root or stem meaning something like ‘water’ or ‘liquid,’ thereby making their common nat ...
... completely different and etymologically unrelated words such as liquid, rain, dew, river, lake, brook, etc. in American Indian languages, Boas pointed out, the words for those very same referents may all share a root or stem meaning something like ‘water’ or ‘liquid,’ thereby making their common nat ...
122 Intercultural citizenship and foreign language education
... In this second part I take my subtitle from the call for papers for this conference. There is an interesting distinction between the French version and the English version, between ‘Communiquer’ and ‘Discussing’, since the latter connotes a more personal engagement, although this may be transferred ...
... In this second part I take my subtitle from the call for papers for this conference. There is an interesting distinction between the French version and the English version, between ‘Communiquer’ and ‘Discussing’, since the latter connotes a more personal engagement, although this may be transferred ...
Constructed language
A planned or constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary have been consciously devised for human or human-like communication, instead of having developed naturally. It is also referred to as an artificial or invented language. There are many possible reasons to create a constructed language, such as: to ease human communication (see international auxiliary language and code), to give fiction or an associated constructed world an added layer of realism during worldbuilding, for experimentation in the fields of linguistics, cognitive science, and machine learning, for artistic creation, and for language games.The expression planned language is sometimes used to mean international auxiliary languages and other languages designed for actual use in human communication. Some prefer it to the term ""artificial"", as that term may have pejorative connotations in some languages. Outside Esperanto culture, the term language planning means the prescriptions given to a natural language to standardize it; in this regard, even ""natural languages"" may be artificial in some respects. Prescriptive grammars, which date to ancient times for classical languages such as Latin and Sanskrit, are rule-based codifications of natural languages, such codifications being a middle ground between naive natural selection and development of language and its explicit construction. The term glossopoeia is also used to mean language construction, particularly construction of artistic languages.As a quantitative example of the use of conlangs within a country, the Hungarian census of 2001 found 4570 speakers of Esperanto, 10 for Romanid, 4 for Esperantido, 2 each for Interlingua and Ido and 1 each for Idiom Neutral and Mundolingue.