Download 1 - INAYA Medical College

UNIT 1
CHAPTER 1
The Human Body
Orientation
Learning objectives
At the end of the lecture students should be able to
1. Define and demonstrate anatomical position.
2. Enumerate and explain the directional and
regional terms.
3. Explain the body planes, body cavities and
abdominal regions.
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Lecture outlines
1. Anatomical position
2. Directional terms
3. Regional terms
4. Body planes
5. Body cavities
6. Serous membranes and cavities.
7. Abdominal quadrants and abdominal regions
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Anatomical Position and directional terms
• Standard anatomical body
position:
• Body erect
• Feet slightly apart
• Palms facing forward
• Thumbs point away from body
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Anatomical Position and directional terms
Directional terms
Allow us to explain where is one body structure in relation to
another.
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Table 1.1
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Table 1.1
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Table 1.1
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Table 1.1
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Table 1.1
Regional Terms
Two major divisions of body:
1. Axial
• Head, neck, and trunk
2. Appendicular
• Limbs
Regional terms designate specific areas of the body.
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Regional Terms
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Body Planes
Plane:
Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for
anatomical study.
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Body Planes
Sagittal plane
 Divides body vertically into right and left parts
 Produces a sagittal section
Parasagittal plane
 Parallel to midline
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Parasagittal
Coronal Plane ( Frontal)
Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.
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Transverse Plane (cross section)
Divides the body into superior and inferior halves.
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Oblique plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior halves by the
‘cut made diagonally’
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Frontal plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Transverse plane
(a) Frontal section
(through torso)
(b) Transverse section
(through torso,
inferior view)
Pancreas
(c) Median section
(midsagittal)
Aorta
Spleen
Left and
Liver Heart Spleen
right lungs
Stomach
Arm
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Liver
Spinal cord
Body wall
Subcutaneous fat layer
Intestines
Rectum
Vertebral
column
Figure 1.8
Body Cavities
• Dorsal cavity
• Protects nervous system
• Two subdivisions:
• Cranial cavity
• Encases brain
• Vertebral cavity
• Encases spinal cord
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Body Cavities
• Ventral cavity
• Houses internal organs (viscera)
• Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
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Body Cavities
• Dorsal Body Cavity
- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity
• Ventral Body Cavity
- contains the viscera
1. Thoracic cavity
a. Pleural cavity
b. Mediastinal cavity
c. Pericardial cavity
2. Abdominopelvic cavity
a. Abdominal cavity
b. Pelvic cavity
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Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal
cord)
(a) Lateral view
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Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
Abdomino- abdominopelvic
pelvic
cavities)
cavity
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(b) Anterior view
Figure 1.9a-b
Ventral Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity subdivisions:
• Two pleural cavities
• Each houses a lung
• Mediastinum
• Contains pericardial cavity
• Surrounds thoracic organs
• Pericardial cavity
• Encloses heart
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Ventral Body Cavities
• Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:
• Abdominal cavity
• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
• Pelvic cavity
• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs,
and rectum
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Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal
cord)
(a) Lateral view
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Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
Abdomino- abdominopelvic
pelvic
cavities)
cavity
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(b) Anterior view
Figure 1.9a-b
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Serous Membrane (Serosa)
• Thin, double-layered membrane separated by
serous fluid
• Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
• Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
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Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial
space with
serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
(b) The serosae associated with the heart.
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Figure 1.10a-b
The pleura surround the
lungs
peritoneum surrounds the abdominal
organs
The
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The pericardium surrounds
the heart
Other Body Cavities
• Oral cavity
• Nasal cavity
• Orbital cavities
• Middle ear cavities
• Synovial cavities
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Abdominal quadrants
an abdomen is divided by an
imaginary lines into four
quadrants
• Right upper and left upper
quadrants
• Right lower and left lower
quadrants
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Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
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Figure 1.11
Right
Epigastric
hypochondriac
region
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right iliac Hypogastric
(inguinal) (pubic)
region
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes
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Liver
Diaphragm
Gallbladder
Stomach
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Small intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Figure 1.12
SUMMARY
KEY POINTS
Standard anatomical body position:
•
•
•
•
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body
Directional terms
Allow us to explain where is one body structure in
relation to another.
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REGIONAL TERMS
Regional terms designate specific areas of the body
Plane
Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for
anatomical study.
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Body cavities
Spaces in the body that occupy organs.
Dorsal body cavities for brain and spinal cord.
Ventral body cavities for viscera (organs)
Serous membrane
Thin, double-layered membrane separated by
serous fluid
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ABDOMINOPELVIC QUARDRANTS
4
ABDOMINAL REGIONS
9
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NOW ITS YOUR TURN TO ASK QUESTIONS???
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