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Decisions for Health Textbook Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 1 – Body Systems Body made of cells, tissues, and organs Cells – simplest unit of a living organism Tissue – group of similar cells performing a single function Organ – two or more tissues working together Body System – group of organs working together to keep you healthy Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 1 – Body Systems Noninfectious Disease (Non-communicable or not contagious) - a disease (harmful change in the body’s normal activities) that is not caused by a virus or living organism Cannot be passed from person to person Is not caused by a pathogen Cannot form an immunity Cannot be completely cured Chronic Disease – disease or illness that last a long time Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 1 – Body Systems Causes of noninfectious diseases Congenital (present at birth but not inherited) – cleft lip – mouth Hereditary (passed from parent to biological child) – cystic fibrosis – respiratory and digestive systems Accident – brain injury – brain Nutritional defect – anemia (iron deficiency) – blood and all systems Metabolic disorder – diabetes – endocrine system Cancer – leukemia, breast, lung, & stomach – blood and any organ or tissue Immune defect (allergy) – asthma – respiratory system, eyes, and skin Multiple causes – high blood pressure – heart and circulatory system Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 2 – Circulatory System Circulatory system made up of the heart and blood vessels, through which blood circulates Heart is a muscular pump with four chambers Atria (atrium is singular) – two upper chambers that receive the blood Ventricles – two lower chambers pump the blood Blood flow – oxygen low blood enters right atrium from body, goes into right ventricle and then pumped into lungs, valves between atrium and ventricle prevent backflow of blood, blood picks up oxygen in lungs, blood returns to left atrium then goes to left ventricle, high oxygen blood then pump to heart and rest of body Blood vessels include three major types: Arteries – carry blood away from heart to organs Veins – carry blood from parts of the body to the heart Capillaries – very small tubes that connect arteries and veins Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 2 – Circulatory System Blood is pumped to the body’s cells by the heart Blood contains two parts: Liquid part is called plasma (mostly water but contains chemicals and nutrients) Solid part is made of blood cells Red blood cells carry oxygen to cells to make body work White blood cells help fight infections Hypertension (high blood pressure) – heart tries to pump blood through narrow artery making the pressure inside the arteries too high Can damage arteries, heart, kidneys, and brain Can be fatal Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 2 – Circulatory System Heart Disease – condition that affects heart’s ability to pump blood Heart attack – part of the heart does not receive enough blood and heart does not pump well, part of heart muscle may die Heart failure – condition that slowly develops as heart gets weaker, does not mean the heart stops, means heart cannot pump enough blood to keep body going; may be caused by heart attack, high blood pressure, or congenital disorder Congenital disorder – any disease, abnormality, or defect present at birth but not inherited, more than 30 kinds of congenital heart disease including a hole in the heart (fixable by surgery)and heart murmur Atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries Stroke – caused by blocked artery in the brain keeping brain cells from not getting enough oxygen Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 2 – Circulatory System Fighting Heart Disease Best method is making good, healthy lifestyle choices Eat nutritious foods and maintain a healthy, balanced diet Get plenty of exercise Maintain a healthy body weight Do not use tobacco, drugs, or alcohol Manage stress Get regular medical check-ups Some heart disease may be controlled with medicines Some heart disease may require surgery Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 2 – Circulatory System Fighting Blood Disease Eat foods high in iron like fish, lean meat, and green leafy vegetables to help prevent anemia Anemia – disease where not enough red blood cells to carry enough oxygen to the body Caused by disease, severe blood loss due to injury or accident, low iron diet Sickle cell anemia causes body to create defective red blood cells Leukemia is cancer of the blood Disease that causes defective white blood cells to form in very large numbers On other hand, some medicines may make body produce too few white blood cells Platelet diseases happen with too few or too many platelets Platelets in blood help stop bleeding by plugging leaks in blood vessels Not enough platelets can cause easy bruising or excessive bleeding Too many platelets can cause easy clotting and clots can travel to heart, lungs, or brain and cause damage by stopping blood flow Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 3 - Respiratory System Respiratory System includes nose, mouth, throat, voice box, trachea, and lungs Air enters body through nose or mouth Next, air enters the trachea Trachea splits into two tubes called bronchi Each bronchi is attached to lungs In lungs, bronchi divide into several smaller tubes called bronchioles Bronchioles end in small, thin air sacs called alveoli In alveoli, oxygen from air enters blood while carbon dioxide and water from blood go into air Respiration is involuntary muscle action controlled by the brain Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 3 - Respiratory System Respiratory Diseases Cystic fibrosis (CF) Thick, sticky mucus in lungs that clog lungs and interfere with airflow Medicines to treat CF can make breathing easier Asthma Causes small bronchioles in lungs to narrow Causes shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing Asthma attacks caused by allergies to things in environment like smoke, dust, and pollen Asthma attacks also caused by cold air, exercise and respiratory infections Emphysema Causes alveoli to become thin and stretched Prevents oxygen and carbon dioxide from moving freely Tied strongly to cigarette smoking (first or second-hand) Cannot be cured or treated well Chronic bronchitis Mucous membrane in bronchiole tubes of lungs become irritated and infected causing daily cough for months to years in a row Avoid cigarette smoke and airborne bronchial irritants, treated with steroids or oxygen therapy Lung cancer Uncontrolled growth in group of cells within air passages that develop into tumors Treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted drug therapy Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 4 - Nervous System Nervous System is command and control system of the body consisting of several parts that connect and work together Two main parts are CNS and PNS Central Nervous System (CNS) made of brain and spinal cord Brain is located in skull and is main organ of nervous system Spinal cord is bundle of nerves running down back inside the backbone and is main pathway for messages between brain and PNS Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of two parts made of all nerves outside brain and spinal cord Somatic nervous system sends information between CNS and bones, muscles, and skin (voluntary movements) Autonomic nervous system controls functions like heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and digestion (involuntary movements) Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 4 - Nervous System Nervous System Diseases Alzheimer’s disease Degenerative brain disease causing loss of memory and behavior change No known cure Parkinson’s disease Degenerative disease associated with trembling or stiffness of limbs and face and slow movement No known cure but medicines may slow the progression Guillain-Barre’ syndrome Immune system disorder that attacks part of PNS causing muscle weakness and tingling sensation in legs, may progress to paralysis and difficulty breathing No known cure but symptoms are treatable and muscles kept flexible through physical therapy Brain tumors Abnormal cancerous or noncancerous tissue growth in brain Treatable with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and medicines Multiple Sclerosis Destroys coverings on nerves of brain and spinal cord Messages from brain do not reach proper muscles causing loss of muscle control Injuries Head injuries may damage brain affecting ability to think, move, remember, or speak Spinal cord injuries may prevent messages from passing from brain to body causing inability to walk or use hands Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 5 - Endocrine System Endocrine System is network of glands throughout the body that produces hormones Types of glands: Endocrine gland – group of cells or an organ that produces hormones Hormones – chemical released directly into the blood to regulate body functions Metabolism – all the processes where the body breaks down food to convert food energy into body energy for body growth and repair Pituitary gland – growth hormone Thyroid gland – thyroid hormone necessary for growth and metabolism Parathyroid gland – parathyroid hormone necessary for calcium metabolism Pancreas – insulin necessary for sugar metabolism Adrenal gland – sex hormones and hormones for salt metabolism Testes – male sexual development hormone Ovaries – female sexual development hormone Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 5 - Endocrine System Endocrine System Diseases Type 1 Diabetes Blood sugar is too high Body produces little or no insulin Hormone produced by pancreas to store glucose, or sugar Enables cells to use glucose for energy May cause blindness, heart disease, circulatory problems, stroke, or kidney disease Controlled with insulin shots Type 2 Diabetes Body makes insulin but cannot use it properly Usually strikes people over 40 Linked to obesity and lack of exercise Can be prevented or controlled with healthy diet and plenty of exercise Hyperthyroidism Causes thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone Excess hormone speeds up metabolism causing weight loss Person may feel warm, sweaty, nervous and tired but have trouble sleeping Treated with medication Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 6 - Digestive System Digestive System breaks down food so it can be used by the body Food enters mouth, passes down the esophagus to stomach, stomach holds food and partially digests it, then passes into small intestine where digestion is completed and nutrients from food absorbed, small intestine connects to large intestine where water from food is absorbed, large intestine (colon) ends at rectum, rectum ends at anus where solid waste of undigested and unabsorbed food exits Digestive enzymes special proteins produced in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine that break down food and make it usable Liver produces bile which is concentrated in gallbladder and poured into small intestine to help digest fat Pancreas produces mixture of enzymes that help break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 6 - Digestive System Digestive System Diseases Celiac disease Makes body allergic to a protein called gluten Immune system reacts to gluten by damaging lining of small intestine Damage stops intestine from absorbing nutrients Inflammatory Bowel disease (IBD) Crohn’s disease Attacks lining of intestines causing diarrhea, cramps, and fever Treated with healthy diet and medication Ulcerative colitis Attacks the colon Treated with healthy diet and medication Stomach cancer No known cause Factors include alcohol or tobacco abuse, diet high in smoked food and salted fish or meat, diet low in fiber and high in starch Treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 7 - Urinary System Urinary System removes waste from body Urinary system includes two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra Blood travels through body collecting waste products from cells Kidneys constantly clean blood through millions of filters called nephrons Kidneys are organs and the waste they remove is product of metabolism in cells – not the same as digestive system waste Kidneys also help maintain levels of salt and fluid in body which helps control blood pressure Nephrons collect waste and water from blood Waste products and water together make urine Urine leaves kidneys through ureters Urine transported by ureters to urinary bladder where it is stored Eventually, urine leaves body through urethra The process of releasing urine is called urination Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 7 - Urinary System Urinary System Diseases Kidney Disease and its causes Diabetes Body cannot use sugar in blood damaging small blood vessels and nephrons in kidneys Build up of waste in blood and organs causing various health problems including kidney failure Treated with diet and medication or dialysis If untreated, can cause death Hypertension Nephrons damaged by stress caused by high blood pressure making kidneys unable to filter blood and remove waste Build up of waste in blood and organs causing various health problems including kidney failure Treated with diet and medication or dialysis If untreated, can cause death Heredity Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is where cysts (hard growths) form in kidneys and slowly replace large portions of nephrons Cannot be cured but treated with medications and proper diet Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 8 – Skin, Bones, and Muscles Connective Tissue Epithelial tissue Make up your skin and stomach lining Nervous tissue Found in nerves, brain, and spinal cord Muscle tissue Makes up your muscles Connective tissue Makes up the bones, ligaments, and tendons Skin, Bones, and Muscles Skin – protective covering of the body and first line of defense against infections Receives signals from environment such as touch or pain These signals travel to brain along nervous tissue Bones – solid structures providing the body’s framework providing stability Made of proteins, minerals, and connective tissue Blood vessels inside bone deliver nutrients to living bone cells Protects organs like brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs Blood cells formed in bone marrow (center of the bone) Muscles – makes it possible for the body to move Controlled by brain and nerves Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 8 – Skin, Bones, and Muscles Diseases of the Skin, Bones, and Muscles Skin diseases Skin cancer – caused by exposure to sunlight Psoriasis – no known cause Bone diseases Osteoporosis – causes loss of bone density making bones brittle Usually strikes older adults, especially women Treated with calcium, vitamin D, or hormones Rickets Usually strikes young children Results from lack of vitamin D Treated with proper diet Muscular diseases Muscular Dystrophy (MD) – causes muscles to become gradually weak May become disabled as muscle tissue is destroyed Is a group of several inherited muscle diseases No cure but treatment and therapy can be supportive Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 9 – Eyes and Ears Eyes Sensory organ that uses light to send information from the world to your brain Light passes through the cornea, pupil, and lens of the eye Lens focuses light on the retina (layer of cells in back of eye) Cells of retina send electrical impulses along optic nerve to brain Brain changes impulses into images Ears Sensory organ that uses sound to send information from the world to your brain Each ear has three parts Sound waves reach the outer ear and are funneled toward eardrum making eardrum vibrate Vibrations travel through the small bones of middle ear (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) From bones of middle ear vibrations go to inner ear where vibrations are converted to electrical impulses Inner ear also responsible for maintaining balance Electrical impulses go to the brain Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders Lesson 9 – Eyes and Ears Diseases of the Eyes Cataract Clouding of natural lens of the eye Cloudy lens can be replaced with plastic lens similar to a contact lens Blurry vision occurs when lens do not focus light directly on retina Regular eye exams can detect early problems so it can be stopped or treated with medicine or surgery Glaucoma Causes high pressure in the fluid in the eye High pressure damages optic nerve and causes permanent vision loss Most cases cannot be cured, some can be treated and vision saved Regular eye exams can detect early problems so it can be stopped or treated with medicine or surgery Diseases of the Ear Deafness Partial or total loss of ability to hear May be hereditary or happen during birthing process Can be caused by infectious diseases (meningitis) Can be caused by noninfectious diseases (diabetes and leukemia) Can be caused by loud noises that damage inner ear Middle ear disease Dizziness and nausea due to inner ear sending incorrect messages to brain