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Introduction to A&P Essential Question: 1. How is the human body organized structurally and systematically in order to maintain homeostatic regulation? Objectives: 1. Describe the basic function of living organisms 2. Explain the relationship between anat and phys, and describe various specialties of each discipline 3. ID the major levels of organization in living organisms 4. ID the 11 organ systems of the human body and the major components of each system 5. Explain the concept of homeostasis 6. Describe how negative feedback and positive feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation 7. Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and relative positions. 8. ID the major body cavities and their subdivisions Common functions of all living things: responsiveness, - respond to change in environment (internal/external) growth: increase in size by growth of cells and increase in number of cells; also specialization of cells to perform specific functions = differentiation reproduction: create subsequent generations of similar organisms movement: internal(transport nutrients/wastes) external – move through environment metabolism: chem. Reactions that provide energy(anabolic reactions) and break down large molecules (catabolic reactions) – respiration – digestion – excretion Anatomy – (tome = cutting ana – up) Gross , macroscopic – features seen with unaided eye Surface anatomy = general form and superficial markings Regional anatomy = all of superficial and internal features of sp. Region(head, neck, trunk) Systemic anatomy = structures of major organ systems (cardiovascular system – study heart, blood, blood vessels) Microscopic Anatomy = structures not seen by unaided eye Cytology – internal structure of cells Histology – study of tissues –role pathologists PHYSIOLOGY - study of the function of anatomical structures Cell physiology: function of living cells Special physiology – renal physiology, cardiac physiology, Systemic physiology – all aspects of the functioning of an organ system ex: respiratory physiology, reproductive physiology Pathological physiology/pathology – study of effects of diseases on organs or systems Or the study of multiple systems = exercise physiology Levels of organization Chemical(molecular) Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organism 11 organ systems of the human body 1. Integumentary system: FCN: protects against environmental hazards, helps control body temp cutaneous membrane(epidermis and dermis), hair ( follicles, sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscles), sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, subcutaneous layer(adipose tissue) 2. Skeletal system: provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood Bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments, axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, bone marrow 3. Muscular system: produces movement and locomotion, provides support, generates heat Skeletal muscles(700) , axial muscles, appendicular muscles , tendons 4. Nervous system: directs immediate response to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems CNS: brain , spinal cord PNS: links CNS with other systems and organs 5. Endocrine system: directs LONG TERM changes in organ systems Pineal gland – circadian rythyms (the 3rd eye) Pituitary gland – controls other endocrine glands Thyroid gland – controls metabolic rate, controls blood Ca+2levels Parathyroid glands – aids in Ca+2 levels Thymus gland – lymphocyte maturation(childhood only) Adrenal glands(suprarenal) – water balance Kidneys – erythropoietin Pancreas – blood glucose Gonads – ovaries/testes 6. Cardiovascular system – transports cells and nutrients/wastes Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood 7. Lymphoid system – defends against infection, disease Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes(contain cells that engulf pathogens and stimulate immune response) spleen(monitors circulating blood, blood storage), thymus(controls development of T cell lymphocytes 8. Respiratory system – gas exchange between air and circulating blood Nasal cavities/paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx(vocal cords), trachea,bronchi(branches of trachea to lungs), lungs, alveoli(at end of bronchioles) 9. Digestive system: process food, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste Salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver(secrecte bile), gallbladder(store bile for fat digestion), pancreas(digestive enzymes) large intestine – anus 10. Urinary system – eliminate excess water, salts, waste products Kidneys(form and concentrate urine), ureters, urinary bladder, urethra 11. Reproductive system: produces sex cells and hormones Male: testes(sperm development, hormones), epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal gland, prostrate gland, urethra, penis, scrotum Female: ovaries(egg production, hormones), uterine(fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia, mammary glands HOMEOSTASIS Negative feedback : when an outside (or internal) stimulus rises or falls outside of the normal range – an automatic response corrects the situation Examples: thermoregulation – body temp drops below 36.7 C, BV constrict, arrector pili muscles contract, oil glands secrete oil, muscles quiver Blood glucose too high – pancrease secretes insulin – targets sk muscle cells and liver cells to absorb and store glucose as glycogen. Blood sugar too low, pancrease secretes glucagon targets sk. Muscle and liver cells to break down glycogen to release glucose back into blood stream POSITIVE FEEDBACK : initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces the stimulus Ex: blood clotting: break inBV causes bleeding, damaged cells of BV release chemicals that cause clotting of blood cells, more chemicals released, more clotting, blood clot causes plug in damaged BV FIND OTHER EXAMPLES negative and positive feedback ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS Anatomical position – supine(lying down face up) Prone(lying down face down) Standing, face forward, palms turned forward Anatomical directions: Anterior, ventral, posterior, dorsal, cranial(cephalic), superior, caudal, inferior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep BODY PLANES Transverse, frontal, sagittal, midsagittal, parasagital BODY CAVITIES – protect internal organs, and allow for organs to change shape Ventral body cavity(coelom) Organs of respiratory, cardiovascular,digestive, urinary,reproductive systems Diaphragm(large muscle) separates superior cavity from inferior ventral cavity Thoracic cavity – cardiovascular, respiratory Abdominopelvic cavity – digestive, urinary, reproductive Viscera – internal organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Serous membrane – lines the walls of the cavities and covers the viscera Example: pericardial cavity: pericardium = serous membrane around the heart; layer covering the heart = visceral pericardium – opposing surface of this serous membrane = parietal pericardium Abdominal pelvic cavity – lined by serous membrane called peritoneum; parietal peritoneum lines the cavity wall, visceral peritoneum lines the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity. ANATOMICAL REGIONS Table 1-1 (cephalon – planta) 4 abdominopelvic quadrants: right upper quadrant/right lower quadrant/left upper quadrant/left lower quadrant 9 abdominopelvic regions: right hypochondriac/right lumbar/right inguinal Epigastric /umbilical/hypogastric or pubic