Download Introduction to A

Introduction to A&P
Essential Question:
1. How is the human body organized structurally and systematically in order
to maintain homeostatic regulation?
Objectives:
1. Describe the basic function of living organisms
2. Explain the relationship between anat and phys, and describe various
specialties of each discipline
3. ID the major levels of organization in living organisms
4. ID the 11 organ systems of the human body and the major components of
each system
5. Explain the concept of homeostasis
6. Describe how negative feedback and positive feedback are involved in
homeostatic regulation
7. Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and relative
positions.
8. ID the major body cavities and their subdivisions
Common functions of all living things:
responsiveness, - respond to change in environment (internal/external)
growth: increase in size by growth of cells and increase in number of cells; also
specialization of cells to perform specific functions = differentiation
reproduction: create subsequent generations of similar organisms
movement: internal(transport nutrients/wastes) external – move through
environment
metabolism: chem. Reactions that provide energy(anabolic reactions) and break
down large molecules (catabolic reactions) – respiration – digestion – excretion
Anatomy – (tome = cutting ana – up)
Gross , macroscopic – features seen with unaided eye
Surface anatomy = general form and superficial markings
Regional anatomy = all of superficial and internal features of sp.
Region(head, neck, trunk)
Systemic anatomy = structures of major organ systems
(cardiovascular system – study heart, blood, blood vessels)
Microscopic Anatomy = structures not seen by unaided eye
Cytology – internal structure of cells
Histology – study of tissues –role pathologists
PHYSIOLOGY - study of the function of anatomical structures
Cell physiology: function of living cells
Special physiology – renal physiology, cardiac physiology,
Systemic physiology – all aspects of the functioning of an organ system ex:
respiratory physiology, reproductive physiology
Pathological physiology/pathology – study of effects of diseases on organs
or systems
Or the study of multiple systems = exercise physiology
Levels of organization
Chemical(molecular)
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
11 organ systems of the human body
1. Integumentary system: FCN: protects against environmental hazards,
helps control body temp
cutaneous membrane(epidermis and dermis), hair ( follicles, sebaceous
glands, arrector pili muscles), sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors,
subcutaneous layer(adipose tissue)
2. Skeletal system: provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals,
forms blood
Bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments, axial skeleton, appendicular
skeleton, bone marrow
3. Muscular system: produces movement and locomotion, provides
support, generates heat
Skeletal muscles(700) , axial muscles, appendicular muscles , tendons
4. Nervous system: directs immediate response to stimuli, usually by
coordinating the activities of other organ systems
CNS: brain , spinal cord PNS: links CNS with other systems and organs
5. Endocrine system: directs LONG TERM changes in organ systems
Pineal gland – circadian rythyms (the 3rd eye)
Pituitary gland – controls other endocrine glands
Thyroid gland – controls metabolic rate, controls blood Ca+2levels
Parathyroid glands – aids in Ca+2 levels
Thymus gland – lymphocyte maturation(childhood only)
Adrenal glands(suprarenal) – water balance
Kidneys – erythropoietin
Pancreas – blood glucose
Gonads – ovaries/testes
6. Cardiovascular system – transports cells and nutrients/wastes
Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood
7. Lymphoid system – defends against infection, disease
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes(contain cells that engulf pathogens and
stimulate immune response) spleen(monitors circulating blood, blood
storage), thymus(controls development of T cell lymphocytes
8. Respiratory system – gas exchange between air and circulating blood
Nasal cavities/paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx(vocal cords),
trachea,bronchi(branches of trachea to lungs), lungs, alveoli(at end of
bronchioles)
9. Digestive system: process food, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste
Salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, liver(secrecte bile), gallbladder(store bile for fat digestion),
pancreas(digestive enzymes) large intestine – anus
10. Urinary system – eliminate excess water, salts, waste products
Kidneys(form and concentrate urine), ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
11. Reproductive system: produces sex cells and hormones
Male: testes(sperm development, hormones), epididymis, ductus
deferens, seminal gland, prostrate gland, urethra, penis, scrotum
Female: ovaries(egg production, hormones), uterine(fallopian) tubes,
uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia, mammary glands
HOMEOSTASIS
Negative feedback : when an outside (or internal) stimulus rises or falls outside of
the normal range – an automatic response corrects the situation
Examples: thermoregulation – body temp drops below 36.7 C, BV constrict,
arrector pili muscles contract, oil glands secrete oil, muscles quiver
Blood glucose too high – pancrease secretes insulin – targets sk muscle cells
and liver cells to absorb and store glucose as glycogen. Blood sugar too low,
pancrease secretes glucagon targets sk. Muscle and liver cells to break down
glycogen to release glucose back into blood stream
POSITIVE FEEDBACK : initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces the
stimulus
Ex: blood clotting: break inBV causes bleeding, damaged cells of BV release
chemicals that cause clotting of blood cells, more chemicals released, more
clotting, blood clot causes plug in damaged BV
FIND OTHER EXAMPLES negative and positive feedback
ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
Anatomical position – supine(lying down face up)
Prone(lying down face down)
Standing, face forward, palms turned forward
Anatomical directions:
Anterior, ventral, posterior, dorsal, cranial(cephalic), superior, caudal, inferior,
medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep
BODY PLANES
Transverse, frontal, sagittal, midsagittal, parasagital
BODY CAVITIES – protect internal organs, and allow for organs to change shape
Ventral body cavity(coelom)
Organs of respiratory, cardiovascular,digestive, urinary,reproductive
systems
Diaphragm(large muscle) separates superior cavity from inferior ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity – cardiovascular, respiratory
Abdominopelvic cavity – digestive, urinary, reproductive
Viscera – internal organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Serous membrane – lines the walls of the cavities and covers the viscera
Example: pericardial cavity: pericardium = serous membrane around the
heart; layer covering the heart = visceral pericardium – opposing surface of this
serous membrane = parietal pericardium
Abdominal pelvic cavity – lined by serous membrane called peritoneum; parietal
peritoneum lines the cavity wall, visceral peritoneum lines the organs of the
abdominopelvic cavity.
ANATOMICAL REGIONS
Table 1-1 (cephalon – planta)
4 abdominopelvic quadrants: right upper quadrant/right lower quadrant/left
upper quadrant/left lower quadrant
9 abdominopelvic regions: right hypochondriac/right lumbar/right inguinal
Epigastric /umbilical/hypogastric or pubic