Download 7 tcp/rer/3402/edpr/reant - Assistance to Western Balkan Countries

Experiences and lessons from
emergency aquatic animal disease
investigations
Transboundary aquatic animal diseases
(TAADs)
•highly contagious/transmissible (infectious!)
•potential for very rapid spread irrespective of
national borders (no passport!)
•cause serious socio-economic consequences (high
risk and high impact!)
•OIE lists more than 30 aquatic pathogens/diseases
which fit established criteria for listed diseases in
terms of consequence, spread and diagnosis
(important to trade!)
•one of the negative impacts trade globalization
(important pathway!)
Health and aquatic animals
• Aquatic animals require more attention in order to
monitor their health
– not readily visible except in tank holding
conditions, live in complex and dynamic
environment
– feed consumption and mortalities are hidden
under water
• Wide range of diversity in terms of species,
systems, practices and environment – different
types of risks
Health and aquatic animals
• Range of diseases are also varied
– some disease with low or unknown specificity
– many with non-specific symptoms
• Complexity of aquatic systems makes
distinction between health, sub-optimal
performance and disease obscure
• Disease considered as the most important
challenge in aquaculture
Diseases in aquaculture
Not caused by a single event
End result of a series of linked
events involving the
interactions between the host
(including physiological,
reproductive and
developmental stage
conditions), the environment
and the presence of a
pathogen (Snieszko, 1974).
Snieszko, 1974
Bondad-Reantaso et al., 2002
STRESS is an important factor!!
Sources of stress
• Poor water quality (low dissolved oxygen,
improper pH, turbidity, etc.)
• Pollution (toxic waste from factory)
• Diet composition
• Physical stressors
– handling
– transport
– disease treatment
• Water temperature
Water temperature
Ouch ..
hot
Grrr..
cold
32 C
24 C
Fish are poikilothermic animals: body temperature
is the same as that of the environment
Factors contributing to the current
disease problems in aquaculture
• intensification of aquaculture
through
global distribution of shrimp
diseases
translocation of broodstock,
postlarvae, fry and fingerlings
• development and
expansion
of
the
koi herpesvirus (KHV)
ornamental fish trade
• misunderstanding
and misuse
of
Taura syndrome, Infectious myonecrosis
virus (IMNV)
of Specific pathogen free (SPF) Peneaus vannamei
specific pathogen free (SPF) stocks in
hatcheries
Factors contributing to the current
disease problems in aquaculture
• slow awareness onKHVemerging
diseases
in Indonesia and EUS
incursion in Africa
• inadequate or poorly
implemented
biosecurity measures
• unanticipated
negative interactions
exemplified by Kudoa amamiensis
between cultured and wild fish populations
• enhancement of marine and coastal areas
pilchard mortalities with feeding with live
through stocking
ofpathway
aquatic animals reared
or fresh food as
in hatcheries
Indiscriminate translocation
of infected brooders and postlarvae
10
3 examples of TAADs
• Example 1: National spread of koi herpesvirus (KHV):
case of Indonesia: ornamental to cultured to wild fish
populations
• Example 2: International spread of white spot disease
(WSD), the most serious pathogen on shrimp
• Example 3: Introduction of epizootic ulcerative
syndrome (EUS) to the Chobe-Zambezi River
(southern African region)
Koi herpes virus (KHV)
Koi carp (high value ornamental fish – one piece can
cost as high as USD 100 000)
Common carp – an important food fish
12
March 2002
13
April 2002
14
June 2002
15
August 2002
16
September 2002
17
November 2002
18
December 2002
19
January 2003
20
February 2003
21
Episodes of 10 Major Outbreaks
7. Toba Lake
North Sumatra,
Oct 04
7
4. Lubuk,
6. Karang Intan
8. Mahakam River,
River, South
Kalimantan, Sep
04
East Kalimantan,
May 05
S Sumatra,
5 Jan 03
5. Maninjau
Lake, West
Sumatra, Aug
04
???
8
4
2
6
3
1st outbreak
1
3. Cirata
st
of cultured
1 outbreak
2.
Subang
Reservoir,
and wild
among 1. Blitar,
District,
Westcarp
Java,in a
cultured East Java,
West
Java,
Aprilreservoir
02
common March 02
Apr 02
carp
9
10. Sentani
Lake, West
PNG, end of
05
10
10
1st
outbreak
among koi 9. Tondano Lake,
North Sulawesi,
carp in
March 02 mid 05
22
Economic losses and investment
Blitar Mar 02 outbreak:
US$ 0.5 M
NACA Emergency Task Force:
US$ 20,000
Jul 02 outbreak:
US$ 5 M
FAO TCP: US$ 325,000
Dec 02/03 outbreak:
US$ 10 M/US$ 15 M
GOI internal budget:
US$ 200,000
Nov 04 oubtreak:
US$ 25 M
Japanese Trust Fund:
US$ 20,000
23
3 examples of TAADs
• Example 1: National spread of KHV: case of
Indonesia: ornamental to cultured to wild fish
populations
• Example 2: International spread of white spot disease,
the most serious pathogen on shrimp
• Example 3: Introduction of epizootic ulcerative
syndrome to the Chobe-Zambezi River (southern
African region)
The Asian pandemic
From Dr. P. Walker, CSIRO, Australia
1993
1993
1991/2
1993
1999
1993
1994
25
Global transfers of live shrimp
Hawaii
Tahiti
Courtesy Prof. D. Lightner
26
Global distribution of WSSV
India, Bangladesh, Iran, Sri Lanka
Japan
Taiwan
South Korea
USA
Mexico
Colombia
Ecuador
Guatemala
Honduras
China
Nicaragua
Thailand
Panama
Malaysia
Peru
Indonesia
Brazil
Myanmar
Philippines
27
3 examples of TAADs
• Example 1: National spread of koi herpesvirus (KHV):
case of Indonesia: ornamental to cultured to wild fish
populations
• Example 2: International spread of white spot disease
(WSD), the most serious pathogen on shrimp
• Example 3: Introduction of epizootic ulcerative
syndrome (EUS) to the Chobe-Zambezi River
(southern African region)
1971
1989
1996
1989
1983
1991
1988
1984
1985
1981
1983
1987
Epizootic Ulcerative
Syndrome (EUS)
spread 1972-1996
1984
1979
1980
Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR,
Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
1972
29
Fast forward 2006
More than 20 species confirmed
EUS-positive countries
Botswana, Zambia
Namibia (2006, 2007
onwards), South Africa (2010)
Lake and river
systems in
African continent
with same fish
fauna considered
population at risk
Activities and lessons learned
KHV in Indonesia (2002)
• NACA formed an international disease
investigation Task Force: epidemiologist, AAH
specialist, virologist
• One week mission: organized the mission with
local counterparts, visited farms, collected
samples and sent to different laboratories
• Confirmed the diagnosis
KHV in Indonesia and Asia
• Mission recommendations
– Short-,medium- and long-term
– Immediate notification to OIE
– Subject request for technical assistance to FAO through
a TCP
– TCP was approved (2 years): build capacity on KHV
diagnosis, improved virology laboratory; preparation of
Asian guidelines
• KHV continued to spread to other Asian
countries
WSD in Mozambique Channel (2013)
• Assessment of performance and capacity on
aquatic biosecurity
• Sub-regional strategy containing 8
Programme Elements (emergency
preparedness)
• Sub-regional strategy presented to other
partners and public sector – made additions –
a robust road map for dealing with WSD in
that region
EUS in southern Africa (2013)
• USD 25K for an international disease
investigation task force (2007)
• Regional TCP: EUS diagnosis,
active/targetted surveillance, risk analysis
(2007-2009)
• South Africa taking a lead in terms of
expertise and funding support
• Regional strategy for all countries of South
Africa (14 countries)
Lessons
Vigilance
Advance financial planning is essential
Post-mortem review and good documentation
Competence of Competent Authority
Mobilization of experts, alerting diagnostic laboratories
Immediate notification, continuous surveillance
Multi-disciplinary team including private sector (not only AAH
professionals, aquaculture specialists, etc)
• Full support to affected producers
• National commitment
• Regional and international cooperation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Are you ready for the next two
days?