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CANCER
Clint Green
Avonni Ward
Jolene Pangani
Brigidanne Brennan
Genesis 19
CANCER
 Genetic disease with uncontrollable abnormal cell division.
 Anywhere in the human body
 Metastasis
 Tumors
 Over 100 types
WHAT IS LEUKEMIA?
 Effects the blood and bone marrow
 The spongy center of bones where our blood cells are formed.
 Blood cells grow out of control- don’t die
 Cells are spread throughout the body.
 Estimated 52,380 new cases were expected in 2014.
 Estimated deaths in 2014 were 24,090 people, which is 41% out of all cancer
deaths.
 In 2011 there were an estimated 302,800 people living with leukemia in the US.
HISTORY
 First discovered in 1827 by surgeon Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau
 1845 pathologist Rudolf Virchow described the condition as having an abnormally
large amount of white blood cells.
 1855 pathologist Franz Ernest Christian Neumann found that the effected bone
marrow was colored a dirty green yellow.
 1962 researchers Emil Freireich Jr. and Emil Frei III usued the combination of
chemo therapy to attempt to cure leukemia which proved to be successful.
TYPES OF CELLS
Myeloid Cells
 red blood cells, platelets,
white blood cells
 Myeloblasts -immature
myeloid cell
Lymphoid cells
 White blood cells
 Lymphoblastsimmature lymphoid cell
NORMAL LYMPHOID BLOOD CELLS
• Normal lymphoblast
• Normal lymphocytes
NORMAL MYELOID BLOOD CELLS
Various myeloid cells
Normal myelocyte
Normal myeloblasts
TYPES OF LEUKEMIA: MYELOID/LYMPHOID
 Type of white blood cell effected
 Myeloid
 myeloid, myelogenous, or myeloblastic leukemia
 eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil
 Lymphoid
 lymphoid, lymphoblastic, or lymphocytic leukemia
 B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, Natural killer cell
 Lymphoid leukemia cells may collect in the lymph nodes, which become swollen.
TYPES OF LEUKEMIA: ACUTE VS. CHRONIC
 Acute:
 Develops quickly, increases rapidly, abnormal cells don’t work
 A bone marrow test shows a high level of leukemia cells, low levels of normal blood cells.
 Symptoms: tired, bruise easily, and get infections often
 Chronic:
 Develops slowly.
 The leukemia cells work almost as well as normal white blood cells.
 First sign of illness may be abnormal results on a routine blood test
 a blood test -which become swollen.
 high level of leukemia cells.
 If not treated, the leukemia cells may later crowd out normal blood cells
TYPES OF LEUKEMIA
 Acute Myeloid (AML)
 Acute Lymphoblastic (ALL)
 Chronic Myeloid (CML)
 Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL)
ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
 ALL affects a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes, causing them to build up in the liver, spleen
and lymph nodes.
 ALL is the most common type of childhood cancer
 ALL - large number of lymphoblasts
 Cells grow quickly and replace normal cell, prevents healthy blood cells from being made.
 Life-threatening symptoms can occur as normal blood counts drop, harder time fighting infections.
ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
Normal Lymphoblast
ALL cells
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
 Myeloid stem cells become abnormal myeloblasts
 Sometimes in AML, too many stem cells become abnormal red blood cells or platelets.
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
Normal myeloblasts
AML cells
CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
 In CLL, too many blood stem cells become abnormal lymphocytes
and do not become healthy white blood cells.
 The lymphocytes do not work well- infection
 less room for healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
This may cause infection, anemia, and easy bleeding.
CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
 small, round, low grade, with soccer ball appearance
• Normal Lymphocyte Cell
• Leukemic Lymphocyte Cells
CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
 Myeloid cell changes, forms abnormal gene called BCR-ABL
 Moves to blood, can go to spleen/ body
 CML is chronic/slow, can become hard to treat acute
 Mostly adults, some children
CML cell
CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
Leukemic Myeloid Cells
Basophil, Eosinophil, Neutrophil
Normal Myeloid Cells
HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA
 Hairy cell leukemia : chronic- gradual, rare, lymphocytes
 2% all adult leukemic patients
 Found in bone marrow, the spleen, and the liver from the time of diagnosis
 Spleen- splenic red pulp.
 Abdomen lymph nodes, although rarely enlarged
 Symptoms: fatigue, increased susceptibility to infection, enlargement of spleen
 More men than women, middle-aged /older adults.
 It never disappears, but remission
 Look "hairy" under microscope
HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA
Normal Lymphocyte Cell
Hairy Cell Leukemic Lymphocyte Cells
TREATMENT
 Five major treatments
 Chemotherapy
 Interferon therapy
 Radiation therapy
 Stem cell transplantation (SCT)
 Surgery
 Treatments vary, but the goal is the same.
 The percent surviving five years is 57.2%.
 1.4% of men and women will be diagnosed with leukemia during their lifetime
TREATMENTS
 AML
 CML
 ALL
 CLL
 “Watchful waiting”
 Hematologist-Oncologist
DIAGNOSING LEUKEMIA
 Complete Blood Counts
 Tissue Biopsies
 Flow Cytometry
 Liver Function Tests
 Lumbar Puncture
 Imaging Studies
POSSIBLE CAUSES
 Artificial ionizing radiation.
 HIV and HTLV-1
 Alkylating chemo therapy
 Maternal fetal transmission
 Hair dyes
 Genetic predisposition
 Down syndrome
 Electromagnetic energy
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 http://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/leukemia.pdf
 http://seer.cancer.gov/i/factsheets/leuks-lg.jpg
 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/treatment/leukemia
 http://www.pathpedia.com/education/eatlas/histopathology/blood_cells/aml-m0_blood/acute-minimallydifferentiated-leukemia-aml-m0-[3-.jpeg?Width=600&Height=450&Format=4
 http://www.healthline.com/health/leukemia#Treatment
 http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/tc/leukemia-treatment-overview
 http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/stem-cell-transplant/basics/definition/prc-20013565
 http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Cancers/Leukemia.aspx
 http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/leuks.html
 http://www.healthline.com/health/leukemia#Diagnosis5
 http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/what-is-cancer