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Early African Societies & The Bantu Migrations (2) Early Agricultural Society in Africa Climatic Change & the Development of Agriculture in Africa Early Sudanic Agriculture Climatic Change The Nile River Valley The Nile Valley 1 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Early African Societies Early Agricultural Society in Africa Early Agricultural Society in Africa Egypt and Nubia: “Gifts of the Nile” Early Agriculture in the Nile Valley Political Organization The Nile Valley, 3000-2000 B.C.E. 2 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Early African Societies The Unification of Egypt The Archaic Period & the Old Kingdom Relations Between Egypt & Nubia The Early Kingdom of Kush The Narmer Palatte 3 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller First Old Kingdom Pyramid, step Pyramid of Djoser ~ Saqqara 4 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller 5 Pyramid of Khufu ~ The Great Pyramid HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Original Entrance Shaft Forced Entrance Tunnel 6 NO Climbing sign HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller The Great Sphinx ~ Old Kingdom Guard Sphinx ~ 240 ‘ long, 66 ‘ high 7 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Early African Societies Sources From The Past: Harkhuf’s Expedition to Nubia “The majesty of [Pharoah] Mernere, my lord, sent me together with my father. . .to [the Nubian kingdom] of Yam to open the way to that country. I did it in seven months; I brought from it all kinds of beautiful and rare gifts, and was praised for it greatly…” 8 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Early African Societies Sources From The Past: Harkhuf’s Expeditions to Nubia “When you arrive at the residence and this pygmy is with you live, hale and healthy, my majesty will do great things for you, more than was done for the [royal official] Bawerded in the time pf King Isesi, in accordance with my majesty’s wish to see this pygmy.” 9 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Early African Societies Imperial Egypt Turmoil & Empire The Middle Kingdom The Hyksos The New Kingdom Egyptian Imperialism The Revived Kingdom of Kush Imperial Egypt, 1400 B.C.E. 10 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Early African Societies The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions The Emergence of Cities and Stratified Societies Cities of the Nile Valley Social Classes Patriarchal Society Imperial Egypt, 1400 B.C.E. 11 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Early African Societies The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions Economic Specialization and Trade Bronze Metallurgy Iron Metallurgy Transportation Trade Networks Imperial Egypt, 1400 B.C.E. 12 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Early African Societies The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions Early Writing in the Nile Valley Hieroglyphic Writing Education Meroitic Writing Imperial Egypt, 13 1400 B.C.E. HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Hieroglyphs “Sacred Writings” Preserved on papyrus, made from reeds Simplified form: hieratic script, 2600 BCE-600 CE Rosetta Stone, discovered 1799 Hieroglyphs Demotic (“popular”) Greek Pictographs Meroitic language recorded in alphabet after 5th century BCE Rosetta stone 14 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller The New Kingdom 15 Few pyramids, but major monumental architectural projects Engaged in empirebuilding to protect against foreign invasion Local resistance drives Egypt out of Nubia Kingdom of Kush revives c. 1100 BCE Invasions of Kushites, Assyrians destroy Egypt mid 6th century BCE HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Egyptian Urban Culture 16 Major cities along Nile river, especially at delta Memphis c. 3100 BCE, Heliopolis c. 2900 BCE Nubian cities include Kerma, Napata, Meroë Located at cataracts of the Nile Well-defined social classes Pharaohs to slaves Archaeological discoveries in Nubia also support class-based society Patriarchal societies, notable exceptions: female Pharaoh Hatshepsut (r. 1473-1458 BCE) HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Pharaoh (Queen) Hatshepsut – Temple of Dayr al-Bahri ~ West Bank, Luxor 17 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Economic Specialization 18 Bronze metallurgy introduced late, with Hyksos invasion Development of iron early, c. 900 BCE Trade along Nile river More difficult in Nubia due to cataracts Sea trade in Mediterranean HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Early African Societies The Formation of Complex Societies & Sophisticated Cultural Traditions The Development of Organized Religious Traditions Amon & Re Aten & Monotheism religious turmoil Amarna Heresy Amenhotep III Amenhotep IV - Akhenaten Mummification Cult of Osiris Nubian Religious Beliefs 19 Temple to Amon ~ Karnak HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller 20 Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor) HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor) 21 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor) 22 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller 23 Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor) HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Temple of Karnak, early 20th c 24 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Temple of Karnak, early 20th c 25 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Temple of Karnak, early 20th c 26 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller New Kingdom -Colossi of Memnon, Pharaoh Amenhotep III – 14th c BCE 27 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Akhenaten Nefertiti 28 Akhenaten HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Tutankhamen 29 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Tutankhamen 30 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Abu Simbel – Temple of Ramses beloved of Amun, 1244 BCE Nubia 31 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture 32 Family on road to Saqqara HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture School girls at Citadel ~ Cairo 33 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture 34 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture Citadel ~ Cairo 35 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture Globalism ~ Cairo 36 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Early African Societies & the Bantu Migrations Bantu Migrations & Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa The Dynamics of Bantu Expansion The Bantu Bantu Migrations Iron & Migration The Bantu Migrations, 2000 B.C.E. – 1000 C.E. 37 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Early African Societies & the Bantu Migrations Bantu Migrations & Early Agricultural Societies of SubSaharan Africa Bantu Religion ~ early monotheism Migrations 38 Migration throughout sub-Saharan regions Population pressures Bantu language Deistic views as well Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits Great variations among populations Over 500 variations of original 90 million speakers By 1000 BCE, occupied most of Africa south of the equator HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller Key Words & Terms (2) Nile River Valley The Hyksos Egyptians Kingdom of Kush Nubians Hatshepsut Menes (Unification of Egypt) Hyksos Old/Middle/New Kingdom Amenhotep IV Amon, Amon-Re, Aten (Akhenaton) hieroglyphic writing Amarna heresy Papyrus The Bantu ~ migration Mummification Cult of Osiris 39 HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller