Download the Nubian kingdom

Early African Societies &
The Bantu Migrations (2)

Early Agricultural Society
in Africa

Climatic Change & the
Development of Agriculture
in Africa
 Early Sudanic Agriculture
 Climatic Change
 The Nile River Valley
The Nile Valley
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Early African Societies

Early Agricultural Society in Africa


Early Agricultural Society in Africa
Egypt and Nubia:
“Gifts of the Nile”
Early Agriculture in the
Nile Valley
 Political Organization

The Nile Valley, 3000-2000 B.C.E.
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Early African Societies

The Unification of Egypt
 The Archaic Period
& the Old Kingdom
 Relations Between Egypt & Nubia
 The Early Kingdom of Kush
The Narmer Palatte
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
First Old Kingdom Pyramid, step Pyramid of Djoser ~ Saqqara
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Dr. C. Keller
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Pyramid of Khufu ~ The Great Pyramid
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Original Entrance Shaft
Forced Entrance Tunnel
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NO Climbing sign
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
The Great Sphinx ~ Old
Kingdom Guard
Sphinx ~ 240 ‘ long, 66 ‘ high
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Early African Societies
Sources From The Past: Harkhuf’s Expedition to Nubia
“The majesty of [Pharoah] Mernere, my
lord, sent me together with my father. .
.to [the Nubian kingdom] of Yam to open
the way to that country. I did it in seven
months; I brought from it all kinds of
beautiful and rare gifts, and was praised
for it greatly…”
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Early African Societies
Sources From The Past:
Harkhuf’s Expeditions to Nubia
“When you arrive at the residence and this pygmy is with you
live, hale and healthy, my majesty will do great things for you,
more than was done for the [royal official] Bawerded in the
time pf King Isesi, in accordance with my majesty’s wish to
see this pygmy.”
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Early African Societies

Imperial Egypt

Turmoil & Empire
The Middle Kingdom
 The Hyksos
 The New Kingdom
 Egyptian Imperialism
 The Revived Kingdom
of Kush

Imperial Egypt, 1400 B.C.E.
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Early African Societies

The Formation of Complex Societies and
Sophisticated Cultural Traditions

The Emergence of Cities and Stratified
Societies
Cities of the Nile Valley
 Social Classes
 Patriarchal Society

Imperial Egypt, 1400 B.C.E.
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Early African Societies

The Formation of Complex Societies and
Sophisticated Cultural Traditions

Economic Specialization and Trade
Bronze Metallurgy
 Iron Metallurgy
 Transportation
 Trade Networks

Imperial Egypt, 1400 B.C.E.
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Early African Societies

The Formation of Complex Societies and
Sophisticated Cultural Traditions

Early Writing in the Nile Valley
Hieroglyphic Writing
 Education
 Meroitic Writing

Imperial Egypt,
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1400 B.C.E.
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Hieroglyphs




“Sacred Writings”
 Preserved on papyrus, made from reeds
 Simplified form: hieratic script, 2600 BCE-600 CE
Rosetta Stone, discovered 1799
 Hieroglyphs
 Demotic (“popular”)
 Greek
Pictographs
Meroitic language recorded in
alphabet after 5th century BCE
Rosetta stone
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
The New Kingdom


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Few pyramids, but major
monumental architectural
projects
Engaged in empirebuilding to protect against
foreign invasion
Local resistance drives
Egypt out of Nubia
Kingdom of Kush revives
c. 1100 BCE
Invasions of Kushites,
Assyrians destroy Egypt
mid 6th century BCE
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Egyptian Urban Culture



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Major cities along Nile river, especially at delta
 Memphis c. 3100 BCE, Heliopolis c. 2900 BCE
Nubian cities include Kerma, Napata, Meroë
 Located at cataracts of the Nile
Well-defined social classes
 Pharaohs to slaves
 Archaeological discoveries in Nubia also support
class-based society
 Patriarchal societies, notable exceptions: female
Pharaoh Hatshepsut (r. 1473-1458 BCE)
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Pharaoh (Queen) Hatshepsut – Temple of Dayr al-Bahri ~ West Bank, Luxor
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Economic Specialization



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Bronze metallurgy introduced late, with Hyksos
invasion
Development of iron early, c. 900 BCE
Trade along Nile river
 More difficult in Nubia due to cataracts
 Sea trade in Mediterranean
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Early African Societies

The Formation of Complex Societies & Sophisticated
Cultural Traditions

The Development of
Organized Religious Traditions
 Amon & Re
 Aten & Monotheism


religious turmoil
Amarna Heresy


Amenhotep III
Amenhotep IV - Akhenaten
Mummification
 Cult of Osiris
 Nubian Religious Beliefs

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Temple to Amon ~ Karnak
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
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Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor)
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor)
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor)
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
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Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor)
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Temple of Karnak, early 20th c
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Temple of Karnak, early 20th c
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Temple of Karnak, early 20th c
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
New Kingdom -Colossi of Memnon, Pharaoh Amenhotep III – 14th c BCE
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Akhenaten
Nefertiti
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Akhenaten
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Tutankhamen
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Dr. C. Keller
Tutankhamen
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Abu Simbel – Temple of Ramses beloved of Amun, 1244 BCE Nubia
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture
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Family on road to Saqqara
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture
School girls at Citadel ~ Cairo
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture
Citadel ~ Cairo
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture
Globalism ~ Cairo
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Early African Societies & the Bantu Migrations

Bantu Migrations & Early Agricultural Societies of
Sub-Saharan Africa

The Dynamics of
Bantu Expansion



The Bantu
Bantu Migrations
Iron & Migration
The Bantu Migrations,
2000 B.C.E. – 1000 C.E.
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Early African Societies & the Bantu Migrations


Bantu Migrations & Early Agricultural Societies of SubSaharan Africa
Bantu Religion ~ early monotheism



Migrations

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Migration throughout sub-Saharan regions
Population pressures
Bantu language


Deistic views as well
 Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits
Great variations among populations
Over 500 variations of original
90 million speakers
By 1000 BCE, occupied most of Africa south of the equator
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller
Key Words & Terms (2)
Nile River Valley
The Hyksos
Egyptians
Kingdom of Kush
Nubians
Hatshepsut
Menes (Unification of Egypt)
Hyksos
Old/Middle/New Kingdom
Amenhotep IV
Amon, Amon-Re, Aten
(Akhenaton)
hieroglyphic writing
Amarna heresy
Papyrus
The Bantu ~ migration
Mummification
Cult of Osiris
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HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller