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Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Section 1: Cellular Growth Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation Click on a lesson name to select. Q: Why are cells limited to being small in size? (use SA/Vol ratio in answer) Click on a lesson name to select. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth Ratio of Surface Area to Volume Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth Transport of Substances Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins. Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient. Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth Why are cells limited to being small in size? As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area. The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth The Cell Cycle Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large. It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries. Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle. Q: Draw the cell cycle, putting steps in correct order, and explain briefly what happens in each stage / substage: Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth I. Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates. (G1, S, G2) II. M Phase Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. (ProMAT) Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell. Cell Cycle Interphase: a. G1: Growth 1, cells make organelles, make more cytoplasm, cell “does its thing” b. S: Synthesis phase, Cell makes copy of DNA in anticipation of mitosis c. G2: Growth 2, cells make proteins and organelles needed for mitosis and cytokinesis M Phase Mitosis: Duplicated DNA is divided. One set goes to each side. “ProMAT” Cytokinesis: Cell divides in two Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth Product Assignment: Cell cycle Concept Map Make a Inspiration concept map of the Cell Cycle Things to include: Interphase phases (G1, S, G2). M Phase sub-phases (stages of mitosis and Cytokinesis). A work: Image icons (not just plain boxes) used >85% of terms All connectors have a linking phrase on the line (causes, opposes, includes, etc) for Q: Describe how DNA is packaged into a chromosome Chromosomes -DNA is stored in structures called Chromosomes -Condensed chromosomes only form when the cell is dividing Normally DNA is in a looser form called CHROMATIN Q: What is the difference between haploid and diploid? Use a sketch (or two) in your answer. Haploid vs. Diploid Some organisms (species) are diploid -This means they have two copies of each unique (or different chromosome) Ex. Humans: 46 total chromosomes 23 unique or different chromosomes (one comes from each parent) We have 46 total chromosomes We have 23 unique chromosomes On each pair of chromosomes are genes for the same traits in the same order Mom’s Chrom. #1 Dad’s Chrom. #1 Gene for hair color Gene for hair color Mom’s codes for red Dad’s codes for brown Haploid vs. Diploid Some organisms (species) are haploid -This means they have only 1 copy of each unique (or different) chromosome ex. Fungi are haploid They only have one copy of each chromosome and must reproduce through different means than do most organisms The term “chromosome” is ambiguous -Meanings: A. How many unique chromosomes an organism has (chrom # =?) B. One unreplicated chromosome (half of “X” AKA chromatid) C. One replicated chromosome (“X”) Ambig. Chromosome meaning A. -Each species has a characteristic chromosome #...”How many chromosomes does the creature have?” Humans have a chrom # of 46 (46 total) 2n=46 n=23 Camels have 70 King crab has 208 Mosquito has 6 Honest Abe should have more chromosomes than a crab! I don’t care if it is giant! Q: Draw a diploid set of chromosomes in an unreplicated state: Ambig. Chromosome meaning B. -Unreplicated chromosomes Chrom. 3 from Mom Chrom 3 from Dad This is how chromosome would be in G1 Interphase Q: Draw a diploid set of chromosomes in a replicated state: Ambig. Chromosome meaning C. -Replicated chromosomes Chrom. #5 from Mom Chrom. #5 from Dad Two copies of mom’s and dad’ because cell is getting ready for mitosis This is one replicated Chrom. from either mom or dad Each half of mom’s “X” (and dad’s) is called a chromatid Mistake students make: One half of above is from mom, the other half from dad **Not true** Replicated chromosomes This is state chromosomes are in from S phase through mid Mitosis (until chromatids are pulled apart to be delivered to new cells that form DNA as chromatin DNA goes from chromatin to chromosomes during Prophase Q Explain the purpose (“what’s the point?”) of Mitosis: Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis The Stages of Mitosis Prophase The cell’s chromatin tightens into densely packed chromosomes. Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere. Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis The nuclear envelope seems to disappear. Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids. Q List the stages of mitosis in order and then briefly describe what happens in each: Mitosis = “ProMAT” Stage 1: Prophase Lumpy Chromosomes become visible Chromosomes go from chromatin to chromosomes in this phase Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Metaphase Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell. They line up in the middle of the cell. Mitosis = “ProMAT” Stage 2: Metaphase Chromosomes line up at cell “equator”waiting to be pulled apart to 2 new cells Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Anaphase The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten. The sister chromatids separate. The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell. Mitosis = “ProMAT” Stage 3: Anaphase Chromosomes are being pulled a part / “reeled in” by the 2 ends of the new cells Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Telophase The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax. (i.e. DNA into Chromatin form Nucleus reforms at each end of cell The spindle apparatus disassembles. Mitosis = “ProMAT” Stage 4: Telophase Chromosomes are separated to 2 ends of new cells Cytokinesis usually begins now Pro Ana Met Telo 1 interphase 3 early prophase 4 mid prophase 5 late prophase 7 early anaphase 8 anaphase 9 early telophase 2 interphase / beginn ing prophase 6 metaphase 10 telophase Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cytokinesis In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm. In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms. Cytokinesis: -Cell physically splits into 2 new cells now that DNA is divided -Cytoskeleton proteins tighten like belt to pinch cell in two Onion cell mitosis lab Q Define what apoptosis is and describe the 3main scenarios in which it would happen in your body: Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Apoptosis = Programmed cell death (AKA “cell suicide”) Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink, shrivel, and die in a controlled process. Apoptosis is used for: Cells infected with viruses kill self to protect other cells Mutated cells kill self before they can become cancerous Embryologic cells that aren’t in adult (web fingers) • Cancerous cells show Loss of apoptosis: – When normal cell suffers high DNA damage or gets infected by a virus it kills itself. Cancer cells lose this protective feature. – (peeling sunburn = cells that had DNA damage and killed themselves so as not to become cancerous) Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Quality Control Checkpoints The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong. Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis. Main checkpoint Matching 10_____Cancerous 11_____Benign 12_____Malignant 13_____Metastisis 14_____Carcinogens E A. B. C. D. cells divide too much but can’t invade other tissues A cancer causing substance or agent (tobacco smoke, radiation malignant cells break away and travel through blood to other area cell that is in uncontrolled / continuous mitosis and cytokinesis Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Carcinogen Warning Causes of Cancer The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations. (caused by carcinogens) Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells. Radiation (ex. UV Light!!) Tobacco smoke Human papilloma virus (HPV) Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. How does cancer hurt people? • Cancer kills by “getting in the way” not through toxins or “attacking” other cells Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of that tissue’s function. Terminology • Cancerous: cell that is in uncontrolled / continuous mitosis and cytokinesis • Benign tumor: cells divide too much but can’t invade other tissues • Malignant tumor: cells growing abnormally and can invade nearby tissue • Metastasis: Malignant cells break away and travel through blood to other area • Carcinogens: smoke, radiation. A cancer causing substance or agent (tobacco Describe (list) the kinds of things scientists think need to happen in order to turn a regular cell into the worst type of cancer cell: Origin of Cancer cells • Several mutations (~7-8) are thought to be needed to turn a cell cancerous – Two key types of genes that if mutated could cause cell to become cancerous: – A. Tumor Suppressor gene: gene that results in a protein that stops cell division – B. Proto-Oncogene: gene that results in a protein that starts cell division • Normal cells show Contact inhibition of cell division. – Cultured cells normally divide until they form a single layer on the inner surface of the culture container. – If a gap is created, the cells will grow to fill the gap. • Most animal cells also exhibit anchorage dependence for cell division. – To divide they must be anchored to a substratum, typically the extracellular matrix of a tissue. • Cancer cells are free of both densitydependent inhibition and anchorage dependence. Q Explain the difference between benign cancer cells and malignant cancer cells Progression form normal cell to cancerous cell To become (worst) Cancerous: • 1. Lose tumor suppressor gene (loose brakes) • 2. Turn a proto-oncogene into an an oncogene (apply gas) • 3. Lose Contact inhibition (grow into clump) • 4. Lose Anchorage dependance (metastasize) • 5. Lose Apoptosis gene (don’t kill selves) • How many years of smoking does it take for all of these to occur in one cell? • How many of these mutations happen during each week of tanning sessions? Q Why do cancers become more common as people get older? Cancer Treatment • Surgery: Physically remove cancerous cells • Radiation therapy: Shoot radiation at cancer cells – Radiation destroys cells – Accurate targeting allows radiation to be concentrated on tumor • Chemo therapy: Drugs that kill all dividing cells are taken – Most good body cells are not normally dividing so mostly Ca cells killed – Some body cells are dividing (hair, intestinal wall, immume) so they will be damaged – Must give a dose to kill many Ca cells, but then back off so normal cells that got damaged can regrow – Repeat dose/recovery until Ca cells gone – Some cancers grow too fast and you can’t give chemo fast enough to kill them (person would die from lack of intestinal cells before all Ca cells were wiped out) Ca product: Describe the steps that are required to turn a normal cell from some area in body (skin, intestine, lung, etc) into the worst type of metastatic cancer cell…. through a “picture story” Q Why are scientists working on stem cells? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Stem Cells Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions Q Define each and indicate which type of stem cells (embryonic or adult) each term applies to: A. Pluripotent B. Multipotent Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Embryonic Stem Cells After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized. “murder” or potentially life svaing research?...all in the eye of the beholder Embryonic Stem cells exhibit Pluripotency (unlimited potential = can become any cell type) Q Why is the use of embryonic stem cells more controversial than the use of adult? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Adult Stem Cells Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor Adult stem cells exhibit Multipotency (limited potential = can become one of a limited set of cell types) Q Why do most research scientists have more interest in working with embryonic stem Q Create a Venn diagram that compares embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells: Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is the first phase of mitosis? A. interphase B. prophase C. metaphase D. telophase Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell? A. interphase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. telophase Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not a phase of the cell cycle? A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. apoptosis D. mitosis Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Formative Questions Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products? A. larger cells B. smaller cells C. cells with lower surface area to volume ratio D. cells shaped like a cube Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Formative Questions At what stage does a cell spend most of its life? A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. mitosis D. synthesis Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Formative Questions What happens in the cell during cytokinesis? A. The cell grows and carries out normal functions. B. The cell copies its DNA and forms chromosomes. C. The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. D. The cell’s cytoplasm divides. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Formative Questions In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate? A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. mitosis D. prophase Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Formative Questions Which diagram shows anaphase? A. B. C. D. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Formative Questions True or False At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Formative Questions What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle? A. chromatin and chromosomes B. cyclin and CDKs C. microtubules and spindle fibers D. protein and ribosomes Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Formative Questions Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely? A. chemicals such as asbestos B. food and drinks that the FDA warns may contain carcinogens C. tobacco and second-hand smoke D. ultraviolet radiation from the Sun Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Formative Questions What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA? A. apoptosis B. carcinogens C. cytokinesis D. mitosis Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Formative Questions Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues? A. apoptotic cells B. cancer cells C. prokaryotic cells D. stem cells Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Assessment Questions This cell has completed what stage of mitosis? A. anaphase B. interphase C. metaphase D. telophase Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Assessment Questions What term is used to describe programmed cell death? A. apoptosis B. anaphase C. necrosis D. cyclins Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Assessment Questions What is the role of cyclins in a cell? A. to control the movement of microtubules B. to signal for the cell to divide C. to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear membrane D. to cause the nucleolus to disappear Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Standardized Test Practice Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume? B A C Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Standardized Test Practice At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus? A. G1 B. S C. G2 D. M Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Standardized Test Practice Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle? A. formation of a cell plate B. formation of microtubules C. formation of a cleavage furrow at the equator of the cell D. movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Standardized Test Practice True or False Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Standardized Test Practice Which is not a condition that can result in cancer? A. a failure in the control mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle B. a failure in the repair systems that fix changes or damage to DNA C. a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes during mitosis D. mutations or changes in segments of DNA that control protein production Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Image Bank Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Vocabulary Section 1 cell cycle interphase mitosis cytokinesis chromosome chromatin Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Vocabulary Section 2 prophase sister chromatid centromere spindle apparatus metaphase anaphase telophase Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Vocabulary Section 3 cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase cancer carcinogen apoptosis stem cell Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Animation Visualizing the Cell Cycle