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2015 – 2016 ACCELERATED BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW 1. Discuss the steps of the scientific method. 2. List laboratory safety procedures. 3. What are the parts of the microscope and their functions? 4. Identify the following types of microscopes: Compound light transmission electron scanning electron 5. What are some of the limitations of microscopes? 6. What is the importance of resolution? 7. List and define different branches of biology. 8. List the 5 characteristics of living things. 9. What elements and compounds are common in living things? 10. Discuss the following types of bonding: Covalent – Ionic – Peptide bond – 11. Identify the parts of an atom, their mass and charge. 12. Define: atomic number - mass number - isotope - 13. Discuss the structure, monomers and examples for each of the following biomolecules: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids 14. What is an enzyme? Discuss how it performs its function. 15. Describe the reactions catalyzed by the following enzymes: a. catalase b. ATP synthase 16. Discuss dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis and give an example of each. 17.. What is a carboxyl group and an amino group? 18.. Identify the scientists who contributed to the Cell Theory and state the Cell Theory. 19. What are the differences between: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Plant and animal cells? 20. Name structures and list functions of organelles in plant and animal cells. 21. Describe the structure of the cell membrane. 22. Explain: Diffusion Osmosis Endocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Exocytosis 23. Give an example of the following types of solutions and describe what happens to plant and animal cells placed in a(n): hypertonic solution hypotonic solution isotonic solution 24. Who were Van Helmont and Joseph Priestly and what discoveries did they make? 25. What is ATP? Why is it the “energy” molecule? What is ADP? 26. Discuss the basic steps in photosynthesis. What are the reactants and the products? Know where each step takes place and what pigment is needed. 27. Discuss the steps of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 28. Compare lactic acid fermentation to alcoholic fermentation and give an example of an organism that does each. 29. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. 30. What are the roles of: mRNA? rRNA? tRNA? 31. What are codons and aniticodons? What is an initiator and a stop codon? Be able to use a codon chart. 32. Discuss: transcription – translation - protein synthesis - 33. What is DNA replication? 34. Identify the steps in mitosis. Be able to label key structures and stages. Know the order and the differences in animal and plant mitosis. 35. What is: cell division, M phase? Mitosis? cytokinesis? 36. Describe what occurs during the different stages of cell division and interphase. 37. What is: a. chromatin? b. a chromosome? 38. What are the human diploid and haploid numbers? Which types of cells are haploid and which are diploid? What is the 2N number? N number? 39. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. 40. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis to oogenesis. 41. Discuss the methods of artificial selection giving the pros and cons of each. Selective breeding: Inbreeding: Hybridization: 42. 43. Explain the Mendel’s three laws of Genetics: a. Law of Segregation: b. Law of Independent Assortment: c. Law of Dominance: Be able to use a Punnett Square to solve a one trait cross: When purple flowers are crossed with white flowers, only purple offspring resulted. Cross heterozygous purple flowers with white flowers. Cross heterozygous purple flowers with heterozygous purple flowers. Show the Punnett Squares for both crosses. Use letter P or p. For each problem, give the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios. : 44. Be able to use a Punnett Square to solve a two trait cross such as: Yellow is dominant and green is recessive for pea color. Round is dominant and wrinkled is recessive for pea shape. Use Y or y and R or r. (A) Cross two heterozygous plants bearing yellow, round peas. Give expected phenotypic ratios. Chapter 1: The Science of Biology Scientific method Manipulated variable Liter Observation Biology Asexual reproduction Homeostasis Ecosystem Organism Compound light microscope Hypothesis Responding variable Gram Data Cell Metabolism Evolution Community Metric system Electron microscope Controlled experiment Theory Meter Inference Sexual reproduction Stimulus Biosphere Population microscope Mixture Solvent Acid Monomer Monosaccharide Lipid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Amino acid Product Enzyme Active site Glycerol Solution Suspension Base Polymer Disaccharide Nucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Chemical reaction Activation energy Substrate Dehydration synthesis Fatty Acid Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life Cohesion Adhesion Solute pH scale Buffer Carbohydrate Polysaccharide Nucleotide Protein Reactant Catalyst Enzyme-Substrate Complex Hydrolysis Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function Cell Prokaryote Cytoplasm Chromosome Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosome Chloroplast Cell membrane Rudolph Virchow Matthias Schleiden Microfilaments Diffusion Concentration Hypertonic Passive transport Phagocytosis Cell specialization Organ system Cell Theory Eukaryote Nuclear envelope (membrane) Nucleolus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Vacuole Cytoskeleton Anton von Leeuwenhoek Robert Brown Cell wall Microtubules Osmosis Equilibrium Hypotonic Active transport Pinocytosis Tissue Nucleus Organelle Chromatin Ribosome Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Centriole Robert Hooke Theodor Schwann Autotroph Chlorophyll Photolysis Heterotroph Glucose Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Flagellum Lipid bilayer Isotonic Facilitated diffusion Endocytosis Exocytosis Organ Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Pigment Light-Dependent Reactions Light-Independent Reactions Grana Chloroplast Stroma Calvin Cycle Aerobic Electron Transport chain muscle fatigue Anaerobic Glycolysis Cell Division Centromere Centrioles Anaphase Cyclin G2 Cytokinesis Cell cycle Prophase Telophase Cancer S phase Diploid Crossing-over Oogenesis Gametes Meiosis I Haploid Tetrad Gametogenesis Ova Meiosis II Bacteriophage Base pairing Histone Transcription tRNA Anticodon Nucleotides Double helix Replication Translation rRNA Stop codon Chapter 9: Respiration Cellular Respiration Fermentation Krebs cycle ATP Chapter 10: Cell Growth Mitosis Sister chromatids Interphase Metaphase Spindle G1 M phase Chapter 11: Meiosis Homologous Meiosis Spermatogenesis Homologues Sperm Chapter 12: DNA and RNA Transformation Nitrogenous base Chromatin Protein synthesis mRNA Codon Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics Genetics Fertilization True-breeding Trait Hybrid Gene Allele Segregation Gamete Probability Punnett Square Homozygous Heterozygous Phenotype Know the following monomers and their polymers: Genotype Dihybrid Selective breeding (13-1) Inbreeding (13-1) Hybridization(13-1) _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ ________________________ What process? ___________________________ Label the parts of the Cell Cycle. What is occurring here? ____________________ What is occurring here? ____________ Know the steps involved Know how to use this Genetic Code wheel during Protein Synthesis Identify the specific type of RNA shown below _________ ________ ____________________ Be able to label each process and the structure indicated in the process of Protein Synthesis. Label the parts of the microscope Label the parts of the Plant and then the Animal cell Label the parts of the paired chromosome Identify this molecule Be able to explain what is happening in the diagram above Know what is happening here