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Discovery and Expansion
Chapter 14
Background
1. Age of Exploration-period from 1450-1650
A. Era of improved geographical knowledge
and technology
B. Age of migration of Europeans to other parts
of the world
C. Colonization resulted in political control of S
and N America, coastal regions of Africa, India,
China, Japan, and SE Asia
D. Colonization followed by introduction of
European life into other areas of the world.
Overseas Exploration and
Conquest
1. Viking explorations-under Eric the Red and
Leif Erickson, discovered Greenland and coast
of N America
A. Made permanent settlements on Iceland,
Ireland and England
2. Crusades-failed European attempt to control
other peoples; expanded European
technological knowledge
3. Political centralization in Spain, France, and
England allowed these countries to push
outward
4. Portugal took the lead in overseas exploration
due to stable financial situation
A. Prince Henry the Navigator founded school
for exploration; led expeditions down western
coast of Africa
B. Portugal established trading posts in N Africa
coasts on Mediterranean; controlled gold trade
between Africa and Europe
C. Bartholomew Diaz (1487)-rounded Cape of
Good Hope to reach southern tip of Africa
D. Vasco da Gama (1499)-rounded Cape of
Good Hope and reached India
E. As Portugal went on to establish ports in
Brazil and in S Asia, Port of Lisbon
became entry port of Asian goods into
Europe
F. Portuguese attempted to take over
Muslim control of spice trade in SE Asia by
using military force0the cannon
1. Established coastal trading posts in Asia
as a means to bring Christianity into the
“Dark Regions” of Asia
Technological Stimuli to Exploration
1.
Canon-iron and bronze guns developed to pacify areas
under conquest
A. Eventually evolved from land based weapon to sea
based weapon
2. Improved ships
A. Caravel-small, light, 3 sailed ship; able to maneuver
easily and carry canon to prove effective military force
3. Magnetic compass
4. Astrolabe-instrument developed by Muslims which
allowed explorers to determine latitude in relation to
the Equator
5. Improved cartography and knowledge of wind and sea
patterns
Cortes
Pizzaro
Explorers’ Motives
1. E G’s-God, Gold and Glory
A. God-religious zeal to spread Christianity to less
civilized societies became God’s calling; led to
missionary effort in New World
B. Gold-dreams of unlimited resources in foreign
lands; also complimented by desire to control spice
trade (emerged as a result of Crusades)
C. Glory-European crowns financed overseas
ventures; outward growth of Renaissance spirit of
curiosity and quest for achievement
1. Ex: Spanish conquistadors Cortez and Pizzaro
Problem of Christopher Columbus
1. Pioneer of Christian civilization in New World,
or source of slavery and demise of native
population?
A. Sought and believed that he had discovered
trans-Atlantic passage to Indies
B. Established government in Caribbean and
began encomienda and slave labor system in
New World-origins of racism
2. Positives
A. Initiated new era in history by transforming
modern world into global world
Later Explorers
A. Impact of Columbian Encounter
1. News of discovery spread quickly
throughout Europe as regional newspapers
recorded for events in local vernacular
A. Amerigo Vespucci-wrote Mundus Novus first
written document to describe New World as a
continent separate from Asia
2. Spanish exploration determined by precious
metal locations
3. Ferdinand Magellan-commissioned by
Spanish ruler Charles V to find direct route
to spice islands
A. Although Magellan killed in Philippines,
crew returned to Spain as first to
successfully circumnavigate the globe
4. Spanish Conquistadors
A. Hernando Cortes-successfully
conquered Aztecs in Mexico due to military
superiority and trickery
B. Francisco Pizzaro-defeated Incas in
Peru
5. Antwerp emerged as center fro overseas wealth
as spices and overseas bullion flowed thru its
center
6. Amsterdam eventually replaced Antwerp as
commercial center by end of 16th century
A. Dutch East India Company-major organ of
Dutch imperialism
B. Expelled Portuguese from SE Asia
7. English and French-slow to explore
A. John Cabot-discovered Newfoundland in
attempt to discover NW Passage
B. Jacques Cartier-explored St. Lawrence River
1. Quebec eventually became 1st permanent
French settlement in 1608
Economic Effects of Spain’s
Discoveries in the New World
1. Golden Century of Spain-reference to 16th
century accomplishments of Spanish in New
World and their impact in Europe
A. Huge influx of precious metals-mostly silver
B. Steady population increase led to increased
demand for products colonies in Americas; led
to inflationary prices and demise of economy
1. influx of silver bullion allowed King Philip II
to repay debts in inflated silver-now affected
global economy; prices of food and wages
unable to keep up with rate of inflation
Columbian Exchange
1.
Origins of global market-the Columbian Exchange or
Great Circuit
A. Result of migration of peoples from Europe to
Americas which led to exchange of foodstuffs and
livestock
1. American goods-corn, beans, squash, pumpkins,
tomatoes and potatoes
2. European goods-horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, and
chickens
B. Europeans also brought disease-smallpox-with
them and onto Native Population-90% decrease in
Native Population
Colonial Administration
1. Spanish crown divided New World into 4
Viceroyalties (Administrative decisions)
A. New Spain-Mexico, Central America, and
present day American Southwest; capital
based out of Mexico City
B. Peru-lands of upper South American
Continent
C. New Grenada-southern portion of Central
America; capital based out of Bogota
D. La Plata-Argentina; Capital based out of
Buenos Aires
2. Viceroy-imperial governor of each
province that exercised military and civil
authority
A. Presided over Audencia-board of
judges that served as his advisory council
and judicial body
B. Intendants-royal officials who possess
military, administrative, and financial
authority who were directly responsible to
the king
3. Mercantilist Economic System-colonies existed
for financial benefit of mother country
A. focused on mining of gold and silver
B. crown claimed Quinto-1/5 of all precious
metals; yielded 25% of crown’s income
C. manufactured goods shipped to Americas
4. Brazil-controlled by Portuguese
A. Also restricted by mercantilist policies
B. Developed use of black slave labor due to
introduction of coffee, cotton, and eventually
sugar
C. Brazil’s society-rich mixture of black, white,
and natives
European Slavery and the Origins
of American Racism
–
–
–
–
Slavery in pre-modern world result of Plague and need for
agricultural workers
» Italian merchants sought slaves from Balkans
» Most slaves were white, therefore racism not present
Ottoman sack of Constantinople in 1453 cut off Slavic slave
trade, forcing Europeans to seek alternative source- SubSaharan Africa
Bible- mentions slavery, interpret to sanction practice,
therefore no moral implications
Italian merchants provided capital, cane, and technology for
sugar cultivation in Portugal and Canary Islands
» From 1490-1530, Port of Lisbon saw importation of 1-2k
slaves annually
» Slaves eventually transported to Azores and Cape
Verdes Islands in Atlantic
» Sugar plants brought to Americas
– Spanish forced labor of natives (encomienda system)
proved disastrous as natives unable to adapt to working
conditions and lacked immunity to disease
– Bartolome de las Casas- urged Charles V to end Indian
slavery and import black slaves from Africa due to
witnessing of harsh conditions of encomienda system
» Charles V initiated start of African slave trade in
1518 due to ability of African slaves to adapt to
tropical climate
– Portuguese brought first slaves to Brazil; by 1600,
importing 4k slaves annually
» Expanded by founding of Dutch West India
Company and English Royal African Company
– Origins of Racism:
» Christian theological speculation- perceived as
barbarians and heathens
» Arab ideas- writings depicted Africans as
intellectually inferior
» Both combines with contemporary European
attitudes = birth of modern racism
Slave Trade
• Impacted peoples along the coast—Portuguese
forts along West Africa and Dutch at the Cape of
Good Hope. (Trade did not really affect the
people in the interior of Africa).
• Not new…practiced in Africa since ancient times,
but it increased rapidly beginning in 15th c.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with
Africans. Then, the introduction of sugarcane
plantations in Caribbean changed everything.
New product important to Triangular Trade.
• As demand increased, African middlemen
moved inland to find supply.
S, E, P effects of the Trade
• Families, depopulation
• Undermining of cottage industry, poverty
• Increased warfare and violence
Effects in the East
• Portugal did not have the means economically,
nor in force, to dominate Southeast Asia.
• Beginning in the 17th c., the Dutch dominated
and occupied the Portuguese coastal forts
throughout the Indian Ocean. (Indonesia in
particular because of heavy demand of spices).
• Europeans became involved in factional
disputes to weaken Asian nations.
• Mainland Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam,
Cambodia, and Thailand were able to resist
control due to their political solidarity.
India
• Portuguese, English, Dutch, French
• 17th c. English increased trade posts and
became quite successful with trading goods
between England, India, and East Indies; Sir
Robert Clive of the East India Trade Company
consolidated control of India—defeat of the
Mughal empire enabled the BEIC to remain in
authority until crown takes control in 19th c.
• **Key to success with Britain was government
aid.
China
• Ming dynasty devastated by epidemic and revolt
(17th c.).
• Qing dynasty (Manchus) 17th-18th c. Decline
began due to excessive population and treasury
expenses due to frontier control. Russian
threats from the north pressured for trade;
English replaced Portuguese in demands for
trade along coast. To keep China “pure” contact
was limited to just outside Canton; but the East
India Company continued to press for China to
be open to receiving British manufactured goods
(this will be denied).
Japan
• Tokugawa Shogun
• Initiated strict reaction to Christian
missionaries; restricted trade and expelled
Europeans
• Only Dutch left in small area of Nagasaki
because they didn’t become involved in
missionary activities; however, they faced
heavy restrictions.
Impact
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•
•
•
Central and South America—Latin America
Multiracial (mulatto and mestizo)
Ecology (animals and plants)—Columbian exchange
Catholic missionaries (Dominicans, Franciscans,
Jesuits); military, hospitals, schools, orphanages,
western culture, achievements, and ideas
• Women—new opportunities (land-owners, nunneries)
• Trade wars
• Eurocentric perspective (superiority)
World Economy
• 16th c. Inflation (price revolution); 2-3% a year—
mostly in food prices (wheat)
• Wages were stagnant, and standard of living
decreased for workers; aristocrats prospered;
Entrepreneurs benefitted b/c of rising prices,
cheap labor, and expanding markets
• Governments borrowed from banks and
instituted new taxes
• **Stimulus to investment and capitalism
• Debates—influx of metals from New World?
Increased population demands?
Profits
Joint stock companies
Shipbuilding
Technology
Mining
Banking and Exchanges
*Mercantilism—acquisition of gold and silver
bullion; state intervention, government
regulations for benefit of the state
**Peasants—still 80% of population and no
improvements