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Lecture 15: Africa and South Asia in the European Age of Discovery An Age of Exploration and Expansion Islam and the Spice Trade Spread of Islam in West Africa A New Player: Europe European medieval travelers Nicolò, Maffeo, and Marco Polo, 1271 The Motives “God, glory, and gold” The Means European monarchies Portugal Spain: Knowledge and technology Portuguese Maritime Empire The Portuguese and exploration Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) The Portuguese in India Bartolomeu Dias, 1487 Vasco da Gama, 1498 The Search for Spices Alfonso de Albuquerque 1510 Attacked Malacca to destroy the Arab spice trade network and provide way station Expeditions to China and Moluccas (Spice Islands) Spanish Conquest in the “New World” The Voyages Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) John Cabot, 1497 Pedro Cabral, 1500 Amerigo Vespucci The Conquests Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Page 1 of 4 Spanish Conquistadors Superior weapons, organizational skills, determination Hernán Cortés defeated Moctezuma and conquered Mexico in 1522 Francisco Pizarro controlled Inka Empire (Peru) 1531-1536 Governing the Empire Encomienda Forced labor Disease Council of the Indies Viceroy New Spain and Peru The Impact of European Expansion Disease Psychological impact Conquerors sought gold and silver New products sent to Europe Deepened rivalries Portugal lacked numbers, wealth to dominate trade Europeans in Asia Ferdinand Magellan claimed the Philippines for Spain First English expedition to the Indies in 1591 East India Company sent fleet to Surat, India in 1608 Dutch arrived in India in 1595 Dutch East India Company formed in 1602 Europeans in the Americas Dutch, French, English made inroads on Spanish and Portuguese possessions in Americas Portuguese Trade eroded in both West and the East Colonial empire in Brazil was profitable Dutch New Netherland French English Page 2 of 4 Africa in Transition Portuguese in East Africa Gold trade Mwene Matapa Southern Africa Settled by the Dutch, Boers, in 1652 West Africa Mali Songhai •King Askia Mohammed, 1493-1528 •Broke up after his death Increased European contact with West Africa The Slave Trade Origins Growth The Middle Passage Sources of Slaves Effects of Slave Trade Individuals, families Depopulation 20% sold were children European justification: •Slave trading historical •African intermediaries were the sellers •Slaves could be converted to Christianity and would replace weak American Indian workers Political and Social Structures in a Changing Continent Importation of manufactured goods from Europe Limited European penetration of Africa Altering of trading empires European impact on inland areas European impact on West Africa East Africa Page 3 of 4 Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade Dutch East India Company Batavia, 1619 Java and Sumatra have pepper plantations Cohesive monarchies in Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam resisted foreign encroachment Spices did not flourish on the mainland Europeans became involved in factional struggles By end of the 18th century Europeans began to abandon their trading stations State and Society in Pre-colonial Southeast Asia Page 4 of 4
