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Greece vs Persia
&
The Helenistic Synth
Anthony Cusato
Political
• Athens at the time had a democracy
• Sparta had a king
• Persia had a king
• Cyrus conquered Anatolia he left local
governments or rulers in charge as long as
they submitted to his rule withas little Persian
interference
Ioanian Revolt
• Ionia was a Greek city state on the other side of the Ageean
• Conquered by Persia
• The Ionians revolted and were given help by Athens and
Eritrea
• The revolt lasted 5 years but was eventually put down witha
large infusion of troops to the area
Persian Wars
• King Darius succeded King Cyrus to the throne of Persia
• In 490 B.C.E Darius sent a fleet to crush Athens and Eritrea
for helping the Ionians and to show others not to cross
Persia
• Eritrea was betrayed by a few of its citizens and fell. The
survivors were permanently exiled to southwestern Iran
• Athens defeated Persia at Marathon
• Marathon was the first major battle of the Persian Wars
• The trireme was the the best warship available at the time
Persian Wars
• Xerxes succeded Darius to the throne
• In 480 B.C.E. Xerxes sent a huge invasionary force (land
and sea forces) across the Hellespont into mainland Greece
• Sent messengers in front of his forces asking for tributes of
"earth and water"
• There was resistance in southern Greece led by the
Spartans (now called the Hellenic League)
• The second major battle happened at the mountain pass of
Thermopylae
• This is were the story of the last stand of the 300 Spartans
came to be
• 300 Spartans died allowing their allies to escape
• There was also a sea battle at the Artemisium straight at the
same time holding off the Persian navy
Persian Wars
• Athens was sacked later that same year
• In 480 B.C.E.the Persian navy was lured to the
Straights of Salamis
• They lost all the there numerical advantages and
maneuverability in the straight and were defeated
• In 479 B.C.E. Persian land forces were defeated at
Plataea
• In 477 B.C.E. the Delian League was formed
• The Greeks continued the attack for the next
twenty years
Greece vs Persia
Athenian Power
• Athens exploited these events to become an imperial
power
• Many states would contribute money instead of military
forces
• Eventually Athens considered other states in the Delian
League as their subjects and demanded annual
contributions and other signs of submission
• States that tried to leave the league were brought back
by force and stripped of all defences
• Athens used much of the money they recived to build
up and staff their navy
Trireme
Political & Religious
• Athens started to emerge as a democratic state
• Each male citizen was soupposed to have a vote
• Hoplites were now members of the upper and middle
class
• Rowers came from the lower classes but since they
made up the primary protection for the city they had full
political rights
• Athens and the rest of Greece were still a polytheistic
religion
Economic
• Athens used there millitary and political power to
promote its commercial intrests
• Athens' port, Piraeus became grew into the most
important commercial center in the eastern
Mediterranean
• The money collected each year from subject states
helped subsidize the economy and fund all the
monuments and buildings
• The money Athens had helped fund the arts and
science
Intellectual
• New intellectuals called Sophists
• They provided instruction in logicaand public
speaking
• The new discipline called rhetoric, the construction
of attractive and persuasive arguments gave
trained quick witted individuals an advantage in
politics
• Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
Social
• They had slaves
• The status and role of women varried through out
Greece
• Spartan women were very outspoken and could be
out in public
• Athenian women were confined to the house
• Marriages were unequal, the husband had almost
complete control over the members of his
household
Macedonia Rises
• In 431 B.C.E. the Peloponnesian War broke out
• The war was a fight between Sparta and Athens
• Athens was defeated in a naval battle in 404 B.C.E. ending
the war
• The ships Sparta used were funded by the Persian empire
• Internal conflict in Greece allowed Persia to write the King's
Peace which gave Persia control of all city states in Anatolia
• Philip II was preparing an army in Macedonia of troops,
calvary and seige warfare
• In 338 B.C.E. Philip defeated a coalition of southern states
• He was in command of a planned offensive agaist Persia
• He was assassinated in 336 B.C.E.
• His throne was passed on to his son, Alexander
Alexander the Great
• Alexander started his campaingn in 334 B.C.E.
• He defeated King Darius III of Persia in three decisive
battles in Anatolia and Mesopotamia
• He ultimately campaigned all the way to modern day
Pakistan
• Maintained Persian government frame work
• Establish many Greek stlye cities like Alexandria
• Alexander the Great died suddenly in 323 B.C.E. at the
age of thirty-two
• He had no plans for succession
Alexander the Great
Hellenistic Synthesis
• For a half century after his death people fought over
who would claim his throne
• It was split into three seperate kingdoms: Seleucid,
Ptolemaic, and Antigonid
• The Hellenistic Synthesis is the spread and influence of
Greek culture in the lands conqured by Alexander the
Great
• Democracy and bureaucracy spread through out and so
did the arts
• Quality of life in the cities improved with new facilities