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Greece and Persia Vs. Greek Migrations • Mycenaean collapse left many Greeks traveling overseas, forming new settlements— colonies • Many of them were from Athens and Eretria • One of the first areas they settled was the coast of Asia Minor (Turkey) The Persian Empire • The Persians seized control of the Greek poleis of Asia Minor in 547 B.C.—or Ionia • They were a mighty empire, which maintained control by satraps/satrapies— regional governors which collected taxes and enforced the edicts of their King Ionian Revolt • The Ionians rebelled against the Persians (499 B.C.) and called for aid from their fellow Greeks • Only Athens and Eretria responded • With this aid, they fought valiantly • But the revolt was defeated in 494 B.C. • The Persians found out who helped, and vowed revenge… Herodotus • Considered to be the “father of history” by many, the “father of lies” by a few—due to inaccuracies and translator errors • Nonetheless, he is the first to write a ‘historical’ account • He states that the stealing of women and sack of Troy by the Greeks were the first inciting events for the Persian Wars 1st Persian Invasion • 492 B.C. - The Persian Army followed the coast, while their Navy islandhopped to meet them on the mainland • Their commander was Mardonius, son-in-law of the Great King Darius I • The campaign was cut short by Thracian raids on their camp and a storm at sea which hampered naval reinforcements • Darius sent messengers demanding all the poleis submit to Persian rule • All accepted…except Athens and Sparta, who executed them… ^ overview of the invasion routes from the 1st and 2nd Invasions “remember the AtheniAns” • A second Persian force, under Datis and Artaphernes was sent. • They captured the Cyclades islands and reached Euboea and captured the capital of Eretria. • They landed on the plains of Marathon and were met by the full Athenian army, under the command of Miltiades. • The Persians’ plan would have been to take Athens and the Attic peninsula… key words: would have Euboea Athens Darius reportedly commanded his servants every day to tell him “master, remember the Athenians” so that he would never forget to get his revenge for their aid in the Ionian Revolt. Battle of Marathon • About 25 miles from Athens, Miltiades positioned his army to block roads inward. • He sent a running messenger, Pheidippides, to call for Spartan aid—but they would not march until their Carneia festival was over, delaying their arrival for at least 10 days. • Plataea sent a reinforcement of 1,000 Hoplites. • Although there were many strategoi (generals; strategists), they all deferred to Miltiades Battle Commences • The Persians, after days of standing stalemates, sent their cavalry to their ships to wheel around and attack Athens simultaneously. • This is when Miltiades struck, he used the terrain such as heavily forested areas, mountains, and rivers to box the Persians into a double-envelopment. • Attacked from all sides, the Persians were crushed. • But their fleet was still sailing towards Athens… The Legendary Runner__________ • Pheidippides was sent 140 miles to Sparta, while the army under Miltiades force-marched after Marathon 25 miles to Athens. • Their hope was to cut off the Persian fleet, and it worked. Seeing the Athenians on top of their walls, ready for another battle, they retreated. • Legend says Pheidippides ran before the army and shouted “nenikēkamen!” (we won!) before dying of exhaustion. • His story inspired the modern-day Marathon running traditions. Aftermath • The Spartans were disappointed they did not take place in such a historic victory—even telling the Athenians they fought heroically. • This led to even more tension between Athens and Sparta. • Athens strengthened its ties with poleis which helped them, while Sparta later sought its own allies… • Darius was furious, and made preparations to invade with even greater numbers. The dead were so numerous, they entombed them within a mound (soros) which still exists today. Herodotus, Book Six – the “ghost wArrior” • The fighting was so fierce, Herodotus tells a ghostly tale.