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Transcript
Human Origins: The Stone Ages SOL 8.2 Human Culture • Culture=WAY OF LIFE – knowledge people have – language they speak – ways they eat and dress – religious beliefs, – achievement in art and music Human Origins • History began with the invention of writing- 5,500 years ago • Prehistory: Time period before writing developed • Hominids: Human beings and the humanlike creatures that preceded them. • Anthropology: Scientific study of hominids • Physical anthropologists compare hominid bones and other fossils, looking for changes Human Origins • Paleontologists: study fossil remains to determine the characteristics of various prehistoric periods • Archaeologists: investigate prehistoric life by unearthing and interpreting the objects left behind by prehistoric people • Artifacts: objects that were shaped by human hands. Ex) tools, pots, and beads VIDEO Dating Early Artifacts • Easy to determine relative sequence in which events happened • More recent remains are found above older ones • Problems arise in assigning a definite age to fossil bones, tools, and other remains • Radiocarbon Dating: used for organic matter that is less than 50,000 years old • Researchers can date older remains- up to 26 billion years ago Discovery of Lucy • Hadar, Africa• Donald C. Johanson and Tom Gray uncovered the 3.2 million year old skeleton of a hominid nicknamed “Lucy” • Hers was the most nearly complete skeleton of any erect-walking pre-human found up to that time • 1994- assembled first almost complete skull of Lucy- proving that males and females were different sizes • Hominids like her spent time climbing trees and could walk upright • Earliest known evidence of upright walking comes from Kenya• 1995 discovery of a fossilized shin bone Replica of Lucy Human Origins • The first “humans” appeared 2,000,000 years ago. • Homo sapiens emerged in East Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago. – migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. • Millions of years ago the continents were connected as one large continent called Pangea. Australopithe cus Homo Homo Neand Habilis Erectus erthals Time Way of Life “Culture” 5 types of Hominids Video Homo Sapiens CroMagnum Human Origins • First pre-human hominids date back- 4.4 million years – Australopithecus (add to chart on Pg. 4) – Lived in humid forests of Africa – Fed on fruits, leaves, nuts, fish, and meats from animals killed by other predators – No evidence of making or using tools Human Origins • Hominid groups – Homo=human (Latin) – Scientists divided homo into three groups that arose at different times in prehistory • Homo habilis- person with ability • Homo erectus- person who walks upright • Homo sapien- person who thinks 3 Periods of the Stone Age 1. Paleolithic Age – Old Stone Age • Lasted from 2 million BCE to around 8,000 BCE. 2. Mesolithic Age – Middle Stone Age • Lasted from 8,000 BCE to 6,000 BCE. 3. Neolithic Age – New Stone Age • Lasted from 6,000 BCE to 3,500 BCE. Horrible Histories Stone Age Video Paleolithic Age • Early humans were hunters (men) and gatherers (women and children) – survival depended on the availability of wild plants and animals. – nomadic – migrated from place to place in search of food, water, and shelter. – invented the first tools and simple weapons from stone. Paleolithic Age • Were nomadic (migrated in search of food, water, shelter) • Invented the first tools, including simple weapons • Learned how to make fire • Lived in clans – Group joins for a purpose • Developed oral language • Created “cave art” Fire Video Paleolithic Age: Homo Habilis • Oldest hominids to make tools • Lived in Africa- 2.5-1.5 million years ago • Larger brains indicate more physically and mentally advanced • Most evidence for them came from researchers Louis and Mary Leakey and later their son, Richard Video Homo Erectus • Appeared in Africa and lived from 1.6 million years ago to 250,000 years ago • Female movement restricted by constant demands for child care • Learned to make fire • Made clothing • May have spoken a language (not sounds) Worksheet Paleolithic Age: Homo Erectus • Homo erectus – manlike creature who walked upright and could “speak”. • Men were hunters and gatherers and women and children helped gather food. Homo Erectus Paleolithic Age: Cave Art • Purpose is not known: ??? – religious, hunting, ceremonial, transmit info • Paintings on cave walls and ceilings • Found in areas not easily accessed • Common themes: wild animals – Bison, horses, deer – Drawings of humans are rare • Primarily found in France and Spain – Lascaux, France VIDEO Paleolithic Technology • Technology- skills and useful knowledge available for collecting material and making the objects necessary for survival – Dug roots out of ground with wooden digging stick – Later made crude tools out of stone – Improving technology lead to specialized tools • Food choppers • Skin scrapes • Spear points Prehistoric Tools Paleolithic Age • Neanderthals were people who lived about 230,000 years ago at the end of the Paleolithic Age. – About 5 feet tall. – Brain was smaller than ours, but skulls larger – Made tools (knives, spears) and used tusks to create needles to sew “clothing”. – Had strong family ties and even buried their dead. Video Neanderthal Prehistoric Tools Paleolithic Age • First Homo Sapiens • Remains discovered in Germany in the 1850 • Lived in small groups • No permanent houses • Culture and Beliefs – Cared for sick and aged – Signs of serious injuries on fossils – Belief in life after death Modern Homo Sapiens Paleolithic Age • Cro-Magnon were people who lived about 38,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago. • They replaced Neanderthals. • With Cro-Magnon, technology improved. – Used fish hooks, harpoons, knives. – First shelters were built from bones and hides. – Most famous for cave art. – Group that developed fire. Ice Ages • Climatic changes played important role in development of early human kind • Ice Ages: 2 million- 10,000 years ago, Earth experienced 4 long periods of cold climate • Human Beings responded by: 1. Migrating to warmer places 2. Strategies to keep them warm- clothing and fire 3. Died if they could not adapt VIDEO Mesolithic Age • 8,000 – 6,000 BCE • After the Ice Age as climates warmed and grasslands grew. • Developed better fishing techniques – Boats, nets. • Also began to domesticate animals. – Domesticate = tame animals and plant foods Neolithic Age • 6,000 – 3,500 BCE • Development of Agriculture – Learned how to plant seeds and grow food. – Agriculture freed people from hunting and gathering and “towns” began to form and grow. • The beginning of settled agriculture was a major step in the advance of civilization. Neolithic Age • • • • • • Developed agriculture Raised and Domesticated animals Used advanced tools Made pottery Developed weaving skills Domesticated Plants Neolithic Age • First wheels and axels were used. • First forms of government were established. – To protect themselves and food supplies. Bronze Age • The discovery of copper about 4,000 BCE changed the New Stone Age. • Copper is better than stone, but very soft. • Copper mixed with tin forms bronze – Harder and more durable. • Tool making moved from stone to bronze to iron. • Metal was expensive- only used by kings, priests, and soldiers Bronze Age Bronze Age Weapons Technological Advances • Invention of plow and training oxen to pull it • Learned to fertilize fields • Invented loom and began weaving textiles of linen and wool • Baking bricks • Hammered metal to make jewelry • Calendar created to measure seasons • Warfare • Believed in many gods (spirits/deities) Ice Man: Otzi • “Ice Man” found in Italian Alps- 5,000 years old • Europe’s oldest human natural mummy VIDEO Stonehenge • Stonehenge is an example of an archaeological site in England that was begun during the Neolithic Age and completed during the Bronze Age. • From study of these things we have learned about the Stone Age. VIDEO First Villages • 4,000 BCEpopulation rose to 90 million • Villages of about 200 began to develop where soil was fertile and water abundant • Aleppo and Jerichomodern Israel West Bank- 8,000 BCE • Çatal Hüyük- Turkey7,000-6,300 BCE – Largest Neolithic village that has been discovered – Rectangular flat-roofed houses made of mud bricks and placed in wooden frames – Villagers painted interior walls – Houses of several relate families lived in a compound with shared walls (VIDEO) Question: Jericho had a wall. What is the importance of having a wall? Catal Huyuk Jericho • Aleppo What is significant about the location of Jericho, Aleppo and Catalhuyuk? Questions for Understanding 1. What was a most important step in the advancement of civilization during the Neolithic Era? 2. In what era was fire discovered? 3. The first use of advanced tools was a part of what era? 4. What does nomadic mean? Which Stone Age is being represented in this picture?