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Chp 1: Early Humans and the First Civilizations Theory of evolution: human species emerged between 2 to 2.5 million years ago o Important evolutionary distinction: opposable thumbs and omnivores Paleolithic Age (Greek – “Old Stone”) 2.5 million to 10000BCE Hunter Gatherers – no knowledge of farming or raising animals Fire tamed and making of tools o Provided warmth, light, cooking, protection, migration to colder climates o Shelter in caves Late Paleolithic Developments 120,000 years ago: Homo sapiens sapiens – “wise human being” o Originated in Africa Hunting-gathering societies (Hunting-Foraging Societies) o Population growth was slow o Women breastfed infants for several years to limit their own fertility o Significant equality between the sexes because of common economic contributions Argument of higher caloric value provided by women’s gathering, more consistent than hunting 100,000 years ago: Speech developed Religion: rituals, cave paintings, Goddesses (ex: Venus figurines) Culture was developed= systems of belief that helped explain the environment and set up rules for various kinds of social behavior Greatest achievement of Paleolithic People= sheer spread of human species Calendar designations o BC=Before Christ AD=anno Domini “year of our lord” o BCE=Before Common Era CE= Common Era (less Christian centered) o Can use any event to designate time EX: Islamic Calendar beginning 622CE 14,000 years ago- last ice age ended- human development accelerated 12,000-8,000 BCE= Mesolithic/Middle Stone Age o Human ability to fashion stone tools greatly improved o More animals domesticated (ex: cows) The Neolithic Revolution c. 10,000- 4000 b.c.e. (“New Stone”) – consequences: Agriculture! Occurred in different times in different places (a primary argument behind Guns, Germs, and Steel.) Neolithic Revolution occurred in different times in different parts of the world 9,000BCE- people increasingly depended on harvests led to deliberate planting of seeds ~Systematic Agriculture New animals domesticated ex: pigs, sheep, goats, cattle Development of agriculture began in the Middle East 10,000 to 8,000BCE “Fertile Crescent” Many exceptions to agricultural societies Agriculture set the basis for more rapid change in human societies Revolution b/c of magnitude of change involved Patriarchy – society dominated by men Rise of Cities Ex: Neolithic village Catal Huyuk in Turkey 4000BCE- discovery of metal tools in Middle East- first copper to Bronze Age (3000BCE) metal tools and weapons more effective-to Iron Age(1500BCE) Hunting/Gathering Neolithic Farming Domestication Improved Revolution of Animals tools More Sedentary Food Surplus Population Specialization Rise of increase of Labor cities Civilization Common features: cities, writing, formal states: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River basin, China Agriculture encouraged the formation of larger as well as more stable human communities Slash and Burn- technique- agricultural but still moved around Pastoral/ Herding peoples moved in tribal lands with strong kinship ties (domesticated animals, but moved around looking for food) Irrigation devices for fields improved agriculture and irrigation and defense encouraged villages Catal Huyuk: Turkey- founded 7,000BCE o Houses made with sun-dried mud brick o Self-sufficient o Large villages ruled over smaller communities o 3000BCE Catal Huyuk along the Indus River Civilization ***What are the Characteristics of a civilization, and what are some explanations for why Early Civilizations emerged? 5 Characteristics of a Civilization: Advanced Cities, Specialized Workers, Complex institutions, Record Keeping, Advanced Technology Urban focus – cities, centers for SPICE (Social, Political, Interaction, Cultural, Economic) New Political and Military Structures – government and armies develop Economic Power – classes Organized Trade – complex materials Religious Structure – gods crucial to success Writing – kings, priests, merchants, artisans Intellectual Activity-architecture Group Work Tigris-Euphrates Civilization Mesopotamia Irrigation important- community organized 3500BCE developed cuneiform Astronomy Numbers based on 10, 60 and 360 Ziggurats Each city had a patron God Religion o Sumerian religious notions- ideas of the Gods creation of the earth from water (Origin Story) and the divine punishment of humans through floods (Epic of Gilgamesh), later influence the writers of the Old Testament. o Religious ideas of a gloomy cast believed in an afterlife of punishmentoriginal version of concept of hell Sumerian city-states with king with divine authority Kings/ Noble class/ priesthood- controlled land worked by slaves Sumerians: wheeled carts, fertilizers, silver as money Hammurabi’s Code: o “When Marduk commanded me to give justice to the people of the land” o Harsh punishment to prevent false accusations o Use of ordeal- ex: holy river o Class differences according to social ranking THE ORDEAL CLIP Pg 13 Code of Hammurabi- read and answer questions Egyptian Civilization “ The Gift of the Nile” “The Egyptian Nile, surpasses all the rivers of the world in sweetness of taste, in length of course and usefulness. No other in the world can show such a continuous series of towns and villages along its banks.” Led by king(pharaoh)- God-like status o Ruled with Ma’at (responsibility) Kingdom of Kush located to south and eventually invaded Egypt 24 hour day Polytheistic with complex rituals to prepare people for the afterlife (Horus) o Heart weighed against feather o Mummification to preserve body o Sarcophagus- so ka (spirit) could find body Indian and Chinese River Valley Civilization 2500BCE Indus River= Harrapa and Mohenjo-Daro o Houses with running water and sewer system o Writing has not yet been deciphered o Indo-European migration China- along Huanghe (Yellow River) o Organized state- regulated irrigation o 2000BCE- Chinese had advanced technology and elaborate intellectual life o Shang Dynasty: BRONZE CASTING o Mandate of Heaven ***Why is “CIVILIZATION” a loaded term? Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations Monument building- invention of the wheel- taming of the horse- alphabetskey math concepts- well organized monarchies and bureaucracies Most River Valley Civilizations declined by 1000BCE Phoenicians- 1300BCE- developed 22 letter alphabet (predecessor to Greek and Latin) o Purple dye o Traders along Mediterranean Sea o Colonies in North Africa (ex: Carthage) Lydians: introduced coined money Jews- first clearly developed monotheistic religion- settled near Mediterranean Sea around 1200BCE o Single God, guided destinies of Jewish people o Wrote Hebrew Bible (Torah) o Basis for development of Christianity and Islam o Contract between God and Chosen People o God was omnipresent, orderly and just o Ethical conduct and moral behavior (Ex: 10 Commandments) The First Civilizations Distinctive culture and political institutions with basic tools of civilization including writing and formal government Pattern of division among the world’s peoples Cultural Diffusion Duiker and Speilvogel Chapter 1 Definition of prehistory- before written record Hominids: Australopithecines –to- Homo erectus- to- Homo sapiens (one group = Neanderthals)-to- Homo sapiens sapiens “out of Africa” theory still most dominant theory Paleolithic Age- rough equality between the sexes o Fire about 500,000 years ago and Tools o Cave Paintings (art, communication, higher-order thinking skills) Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution 10,000-4000BCE o Shift from hunting-gathering to systematic agriculture Hunting/gathering –to-Neolithic Revolution-to-agriculture-to-domestication of animals-to-food surplus-to-population increase-to-specialization of laborto-rise of towns and cities. Religion: “earth mothers” / Venus figurines= fertility Characteristics of Civilization: o 1. urban revolution o 2. New political and military structures o 3. New social structures based on economic power o 4. Complexity in a material sense o 5. Religion o 6. Writing o 7. Artistic and intellectual activity System of writing vs. Record-Keeping Mesopotamia o Walled cities, sun-dried mud bricks, ziggurat, theocracy, social classes (90% of pop.=farmers), slavery o Sumer (first cities)-to-Akkadians (Sargon)-to- Amorites/Old Babylonians (Hammurabi) o Religion: selfish gods and goddesses- humans subservient o Writing- Cuneiform- Epic of Gilgamesh Egypt o Annual flooding of the Nile- cyclical rather than linear progress o Kingship-divine/ pharaoh o Couldn’t rule arbitrarily/ set principles= Ma’at spiritual precept that conveyed the ideas of truth & justice but especially right order and harmony o Preparation for afterlife- Osiris/Isis o Pyramids, hieroglyphics o Amenhotep//Akhenaton o Hatshepsut-female ruler w/ ceremonial beard- trade, expeditions Phoenecians o Mediterranean Sea, trade and colonization= Carthage o Alphabet Hebrews o Judaism o Abraham- father/covenant with God o Moses- exodus from Egypt o Covenants, laws, prophets o 10 Commandments Assyrians (Ashurbanipal) to Chaldeans (Medes) Assyrians o Climate of terror o Key Kings: Sennacherib (704-681 BCE) Ashurbanipal (669-626 BCE) Chaldeans o Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562BCE) o Capital at Babylon (“Hanging Gardens”) Persians o Cyrus (559-530BCE) o Darius (521-486 BCE) o Satrapies- road system-communication-10,000 immortals o Religion- Zoroastrianism- struggle between good and evil