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Chapter 35 Plant Structure, Growth, and Development No two plants are alike 1. Define plasticity and give an example. 2. Why does plasticity appear to be more important in plants than in animals? 3. What is morphology? The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells 4. List the three basic plant organs and their main functions. a. b. c. Roots 5. Compare a fibrous root system and a taproot system. 6. What are adventitious roots? 7. Where in the root does most water and nutrient absorption occur? 8. Why do plants have “root hairs”? 9. There are many specialized roots that have been modified for various functions. Describe the functions of each of the modified roots below. a. Prop roots – b. Storage roots – c. “Strangling” aerial roots – d. Buttress roots – e. Pneumatophores – AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 1 Stems 11. Draw and label Figure 35.2 10. Explain the phenomenon of apical dominance. 11. What happens if a terminal shoot is eaten or “pinched off”? 12. There are many specialized stems that have been modified for various functions. Describe the functions of each of the modified stems below. a. Stolons – b. Bulbs – c. Tubers – d. Rhizomes – AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 2 Leaves 13. There are many specialized leaves that have been modified for various functions. Describe the functions of each of the modified leaves below. a. Tendrils – b. Spines – c. Storage leaves – d. Bracts – e. Reproductive leaves – Tissues: 14. Dermal tissue system a. Where is it found? b. What does it do? c. What is the cuticle and why is it important? 15. Vascular tissue system a. What does it do? b. What does xylem do? c. What does phloem do? d. What is a stele? 16. Ground tissue system a. What is the ground tissue system? b. What is pith? c. What is the cortex? AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 3 17. Label the following on the diagram below: epidermis, pith, cortex, xylem, phloem, stele. Examples of 18. Fill in the following table: Cell type Properties Parenchyma Differentiated Plant Cells Location Function Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Tracheids Vessel Elements Sieve-tube member Companion Cell AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 4 Meristems generate cells for new organs 19. Explain how the growth in plants and animals differ. 20. Define the following and give an example of each: a. Annual b. Biennial c. Perennial 21. What is a meristem? 22. What is the difference between primary and secondary growth? 23. For each of the following meristems, state what it does and whether it is involved in primary or secondary growth: a. Apical meristem – b. Lateral meristem – i. Vascular cambium – ii. Cork cambium – Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots 24. How does primary growth differ in herbaceous and woody plants? Roots 25. What does a root cap do? 26. Fill in the following table: Zone of root cells Cell division What occurs in each zone Elongation Maturation AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 5 Leaves 27. Label the following on the diagram: the 4 layers of the leaf, guard cells, cuticle, xylem, and phloem. 28. What are stomata and how are they controlled? 29. Define transpiration. 30. What happens in the mesophyll? Secondary growth adds girth to stems and roots in woody plants 31. Describe the role of the vascular cambium. 32. What is the difference between primary and secondary xylem? 33. What is the difference between primary and secondary phloem? 34. Explain why trees in temperate regions have tree rings. 35. What is the difference between heartwood and sapwood? 36. Why does girdling (cutting a small section all the way around) a tree kill it? 37. In the diagram to the right, label the following parts: pith, cortex, epidermis, primary xylem, secondary xylem, primary phloem, secondary phloem, vascular cambium, cork cambium, and cork. AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 6 Chapter 36 Transport in Vascular Plants Physical forces drive the transport of materials in plants over a range of distances 1. What are the three levels of transport in plants? a. b. c. 2. Compare and contrast active transport and passive transport. 3. Compare and contrast the two types of transport proteins. 4. What is the proton pump? Explain its role regarding the following: a. Membrane potential – b. Absorption of potassium K+ from the soil – c. Cotransport – d. Chemiosmosis – e. ATP synthesis – AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 7 Water potential: 5. Definition: 6. In which direction does water move across a membrane? High potential low potential or low potential high potential? 7. Which has a higher water potential, distilled water or Kool-Aid? 8. Write the formula for water potential and define its components. 9. A selectively permeable membrane is placed between two solutions. Solution A is distilled water. A plunger is pulled on Solution A (p = -0.25). Solution B is 0.1M sucrose (s = -0.23). In which direction will the water flow and why? 10. What happens when a flaccid cell is placed in a hypotonic solution? Be sure your explanation includes information about water potential. 11. What is turgor pressure? How does it affect water potential ()? 12. Diffusion, alone, cannot account for the rapid movement of water across a cell membrane. What else appears to be involved in this process? 13. Make a simple drawing of 2 plant cells. Include (and label) the following parts: cell wall, plasma membrane, cytosol, tonoplast, vacuole, plasmodesmata. AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 8 14. What is the symplast? 15. What is the apoplast? 16. Define lateral transport. 17. List and describe the three routes available for lateral transport. a. b. c. 18. How does long-distance transport differ from lateral transport? 19. What is bulk flow? Roots absorb water and minerals from soil 20. Describe how the roots absorb minerals and water. a. Include information about the following: i. Apoplastic route ii. Symplastic route iii. Active transport 21. What are mycorrhizae and what do they do? AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 9 22. Explain how minerals from the soil can get to the vascular system of the plant. Include information about the endodermis, symplastic route, apoplastic route, Casparian strip, and tracheids (a drawing may help). Water and minerals ascend from roots to shoots through the xylem 23. What is root pressure and what is its role regarding the movement of sap movement in xylem? 24. How are the following important in plant transport? Transpiration - Cohesion and adhesion of water - *Important concept* 25. How is the water pulled up the xylem? Stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration 26. What do the guard cells regulate? 27. How do guard cells work? AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 10 28. What relationship exists between photosynthesis and transpiration? 29. What three cues are used to regulate stomatal opening and closing? a. b. c. 30. What are xerophytes? 31. Name 5 adaptations xerophytes have to minimize water loss. a. b. c. d. e. Organic nutrients are translocated through the phloem 32. What is translocation? 33. What is a sugar source? 34. What is a sugar sink? *Important concept* 35. How does sugar move through the plant? Include information about: a. Source-to-sink transport b. Phloem loading and unloading (Draw and explain figure 36.17(a)) AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 11 c. Pressure flow (bulk flow) of phloem sap (Draw and explain figure 36.18) Chapter 37 Plant Nutrition Plants require certain chemical elements to complete their life cycle 1. What are plants made of? 2. What are the three primary roles that water plays in plants? a. b. c. 3. What is an essential element? 4. What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients? Give examples of each. Soil quality is a major determinant of plant distribution and growth 5. What is topsoil? 6. What is a horizon? 7. List 3 factors that affect soil quality. a. b. c. AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 12 8. Explain cation exchange and how it helps the plant. 9. How long does it take to make soil? 10. State how these factors contribute to soil production and/or destruction. a. Fertilizers – b. Irrigation – c. Erosion – d. Soil reclamation - Nitrogen is often the mineral that has the greatest effect on plant growth *important concept* 11. Why can’t plants use nitrogen from the air? 12. What forms of nitrogen can plants use? 13. Describe the process of nitrogen fixation by nitrogen fixing bacteria. Plant nutritional adaptations often involve relationships with other organisms *important concept* 14. Describe the symbiotic relationship between legumes and Rhizobium. 15. How do farmers exploit this symbiotic relationship? 16. Describe the symbiotic relationship called mycorrhizae. AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 13 17. What are epiphytes? 18. Give 2 examples of parasitic plants. a. b. 19. Why are some plants carnivorous? 20. Give 2 examples of carnivorous plants. a. b. Chapter 38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology Pollination enables gametes to come together within a flower 1. List 4 characteristics that are unique among the angiosperms. a. b. c. d. 2. Use the following terms in a meaningful sentence (or two) OR state what they do OR make a drawing that shows what they do: stamen, anther, filament, carpel (pistil), stigma, style, and ovary. 3. Define the following terms and give an example of each: a. Monoecious – b. Dioecious – AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 14 4. Describe the process of male gametophyte development from microsporangium growth of the pollen tube. 5. An immature male gametophyte is also called a __________________________. It consists of ____________________, _______________________, and _____________________. 6. Describe the process of female gametophyte development from megasporangium formation of the embryo sac. 7. The embryo sac is also called the female _____________________. 8. Draw and label an embryo sac. For each part include their functions. These parts include: egg, synergids, polar nuclei, and antipodal cells. 9. What is the great advantage of sexual reproduction? 10. Some plants can “self”. What does that mean and how is this advantageous? 11. Many angiosperm species have methods to prevent “selfing”. List three of them. a. b. c. AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 15 After fertilization, ovules develop into seeds and ovaries into fruits 12. Briefly describe double fertilization and its products. 13. Ovules a. Ovules develop into __________________________________. b. What are ovules? 14. Ovaries a. Ovaries develop into _________________________________. b. What are ovaries? 15. Are seeds sugar sources or sugar sinks? Why? 16. Give 2 examples of endosperm that humans consume. a. b. 17. List the main structures of a seed. 18. Based on your knowledge of plants, classify each of the following into: fruit, stem, root, or leaves. a. Apple fruit, stem, root, or leaves b. Sweet potatoes fruit, stem, root, or leaves c. Tomatoes fruit, stem, root, or leaves d. Irish potatoes fruit, stem, root, or leaves e. Zucchini fruit, stem, root, or leaves 19. What is seed dormancy? 20. Why would does seed dormancy exist? 21. Name 2 conditions that break dormancy in different types of seeds. a. b. Many flowering plants clone themselves by asexual reproduction 22. What is an advantage of asexual reproduction? a. b. AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 16 23. What is plant asexual reproduction called? 24. What are two specific examples of sexual reproduction in plants? a. b. 25. List two reasons why asexual reproduction is “easier” for plants than for most animals. a. b. 26. For each type of asexual reproduction listed below, explain how it occurs and give an example of a plant species that can reproduce in this fashion. a. Fragmentation – b. Apomixis – 27. What are transgenic (or GM) organisms? Plant biotechnology is transforming agriculture 28. What is artificial selection? 29. Give an example of a crop that was developed via artificial selection. 30. Give two examples of crops that were genetically modified to help feed the world. a. b. 31. List the three areas of concern regarding the use of transgenic crops. a. b. c. AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 17 Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Signal-transduction pathways link signal reception to response 1. Explain why a potato that sprouts shoots in a dark cupboard has a very different phenotype (etiolation) than one that sprouts shoots in a well-lit environment (de-etiolation). 2. Briefly describe the three steps of the signal-transduction pathway (believe it or not, you have seen this before). Relate each step to the de-etiolation potato example (above). a. Reception: b. Transduction: i. Second Messenger ii. Protein kinases and phosphorylation c. Response i. Transcriptional Regulation ii. Post-translational modification of proteins iii. De-Etiolation (“Greening”) proteins Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli 3. What is a hormone? 4. What is a tropism? AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 18 5. Explain how phototropism occurs (include the hormone involved and the plant responses to the hormone). 6. Get information from Table 39.1 on page 794 An Overview of Plant Hormones Hormone Where produced or found in plant Major functions Auxin Cytokinins Gibberelins Brassinosteroids Abscisic acid Ethylene 7. Auxin a. What is their effect on plant cells (generally)? b. Briefly describe how auxins appear to use proton pumps to alter a plant. c. Give an example of how humans employ auxins. AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 19 8. Cytokinins a. What is their effect on plant cells (generally)? b. Where are cytokinins produced? c. How does the ratio of auxins and cytokinins affect plant cells? d. How do cytokinins affect the aging of some plant organs? e. Give an example of how humans employ cytokinins. 9. Gibberellins a. Give an example of how humans employ gibberellins. 10. Brassinosteroids a. What is leaf abscission? 11. Abscisic Acid (ABA) a. How is abscisic acid related to drought tolerance? 12. Ethylene a. Briefly describe how ethylene is involved in the following: i. Response to mechanical stress – ii. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) – iii. Leaf abscission – iv. Fruit ripening – b. Give an example of how and why humans manipulate ethylene. Responses to light are critical for plant success 13. What is a circadian rhythm? AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 20 14. What evidence supports the idea that plants have internal circadian rhythms and are not just responding to external cues? 15. What stimulus seems to “set” the biological clock? 16. What is photoperiodism? 17. Why is it more accurate to speak about night length rather than day length? 18. Why do we think there is a flowering hormone? Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light 19. Explain gravitropism. 20. Roots display ____________________ gravitropism. 21. Shoots display ___________________ gravitropism. 22. Explain thigmotropism (tree-huggers unite!). 23. Give an example of a plant displaying thigmotropism. 24. Environmental stresses: For each of the following state why it is harmful to the plant and give examples of how the plant responds the stressors: a. Drought b. Flooding – c. Salt Stress – d. Heat Stress – e. Cold Stress – AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 21 Plants defend themselves against herbivores and pathogens 25. Give four examples of how plants defend themselves against herbivores. a. b. c. d. 26. Briefly describe one method plants use to defend themselves against pathogens. AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 22 Unit 6 Summary Unifying Themes Give examples of how these themes were demonstrated in this unit. Science as a Process Evolution Energy Transfer Continuity and Change Relationship of Structure and Function Regulation Interdependence in Nature Science, Technology, and Society AP Biology: Unit Six Study Guide Page 23