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Chapter 35
Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
No two plants are alike
1. Define plasticity and give an example.
2. Why does plasticity appear to be more important in plants than in animals?
3. What is morphology?
The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells
4. List the three basic plant organs and their main functions.
a.
b.
c.
Roots
5. Compare a fibrous root system and a taproot system.
6. What are adventitious roots?
7. Where in the root does most water and nutrient absorption occur?
8. Why do plants have “root hairs”?
9. There are many specialized roots that have been modified for various functions. Describe the
functions of each of the modified roots below.
a. Prop roots –
b. Storage roots –
c. “Strangling” aerial roots –
d. Buttress roots –
e. Pneumatophores –
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Stems
11. Draw and label Figure 35.2
10. Explain the phenomenon of apical dominance.
11. What happens if a terminal shoot is eaten or “pinched off”?
12. There are many specialized stems that have been modified for various functions. Describe the
functions of each of the modified stems below.
a. Stolons –
b. Bulbs –
c. Tubers –
d. Rhizomes –
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Leaves
13. There are many specialized leaves that have been modified for various functions. Describe the
functions of each of the modified leaves below.
a. Tendrils –
b. Spines –
c. Storage leaves –
d. Bracts –
e. Reproductive leaves –
Tissues:
14. Dermal tissue system
a. Where is it found?
b. What does it do?
c. What is the cuticle and why is it important?
15. Vascular tissue system
a. What does it do?
b. What does xylem do?
c. What does phloem do?
d. What is a stele?
16. Ground tissue system
a. What is the ground tissue system?
b. What is pith?
c. What is the cortex?
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17. Label the following on the diagram below: epidermis, pith, cortex, xylem, phloem, stele.
Examples of
18. Fill in the following table:
Cell type
Properties
Parenchyma
Differentiated Plant Cells
Location
Function
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Tracheids
Vessel
Elements
Sieve-tube
member
Companion
Cell
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Meristems generate cells for new organs
19. Explain how the growth in plants and animals differ.
20. Define the following and give an example of each:
a. Annual
b. Biennial
c. Perennial
21. What is a meristem?
22. What is the difference between primary and secondary growth?
23. For each of the following meristems, state what it does and whether it is involved in primary or
secondary growth:
a. Apical meristem –
b. Lateral meristem –
i. Vascular cambium –
ii. Cork cambium –
Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
24. How does primary growth differ in herbaceous and woody plants?
Roots
25. What does a root cap do?
26. Fill in the following table:
Zone of root cells
Cell division
What occurs in each zone
Elongation
Maturation
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Leaves
27. Label the following on the diagram: the 4 layers of
the leaf, guard cells, cuticle, xylem, and phloem.
28. What are stomata and how are they controlled?
29. Define transpiration.
30. What happens in the mesophyll?
Secondary growth adds girth to stems and roots in
woody plants
31. Describe the role of the vascular cambium.
32. What is the difference between primary and
secondary xylem?
33. What is the difference between primary and
secondary phloem?
34. Explain why trees in temperate regions have tree
rings.
35. What is the difference between heartwood and
sapwood?
36. Why does girdling (cutting a small section all the
way around) a tree kill it?
37. In the diagram to the right, label the following parts: pith, cortex, epidermis, primary xylem,
secondary xylem, primary phloem, secondary phloem, vascular cambium, cork cambium, and
cork.
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Chapter 36
Transport in Vascular Plants
Physical forces drive the transport of materials in plants over a range of distances
1. What are the three levels of transport in plants?
a.
b.
c.
2. Compare and contrast active transport and passive transport.
3. Compare and contrast the two types of transport proteins.
4. What is the proton pump? Explain its role regarding the following:
a. Membrane potential –
b. Absorption of potassium K+ from the soil –
c. Cotransport –
d. Chemiosmosis –
e. ATP synthesis –
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Water potential:
5. Definition:
6. In which direction does water move across a membrane?
High potential  low potential
or
low potential  high potential?
7. Which has a higher water potential, distilled water or Kool-Aid?
8. Write the formula for water potential and define its components.
9. A selectively permeable membrane is placed between two solutions. Solution A is distilled water.
A plunger is pulled on Solution A (p = -0.25). Solution B is 0.1M sucrose (s = -0.23). In which
direction will the water flow and why?
10. What happens when a flaccid cell is placed in a hypotonic solution? Be sure your explanation
includes information about water potential.
11. What is turgor pressure? How does it affect water potential ()?
12. Diffusion, alone, cannot account for the rapid movement of water across a cell membrane. What
else appears to be involved in this process?
13. Make a simple drawing of 2 plant cells. Include (and label) the following parts: cell wall, plasma
membrane, cytosol, tonoplast, vacuole, plasmodesmata.
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14. What is the symplast?
15. What is the apoplast?
16. Define lateral transport.
17. List and describe the three routes available for lateral transport.
a.
b.
c.
18. How does long-distance transport differ from lateral transport?
19. What is bulk flow?
Roots absorb water and minerals from soil
20. Describe how the roots absorb minerals and water.
a.
Include information about the following:
i. Apoplastic route
ii. Symplastic route
iii. Active transport
21. What are mycorrhizae and what do they do?
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22. Explain how minerals from the soil can get to the vascular system of the plant. Include
information about the endodermis, symplastic route, apoplastic route, Casparian strip, and
tracheids (a drawing may help).
Water and minerals ascend from roots to shoots through the xylem
23. What is root pressure and what is its role regarding the movement of sap movement in xylem?
24. How are the following important in plant transport?
 Transpiration -

Cohesion and adhesion of water -
*Important concept*
25. How is the water pulled up the xylem?
Stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration
26. What do the guard cells regulate?
27. How do guard cells work?
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28. What relationship exists between photosynthesis and transpiration?
29. What three cues are used to regulate stomatal opening and closing?
a.
b.
c.
30. What are xerophytes?
31. Name 5 adaptations xerophytes have to minimize water loss.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Organic nutrients are translocated through the phloem
32. What is translocation?
33. What is a sugar source?
34. What is a sugar sink?
*Important concept*
35. How does sugar move through the plant? Include information about:
a. Source-to-sink transport
b. Phloem loading and unloading (Draw and explain figure 36.17(a))
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c. Pressure flow (bulk flow) of phloem sap (Draw and explain figure 36.18)
Chapter 37
Plant Nutrition
Plants require certain chemical elements to complete their life cycle
1. What are plants made of?
2. What are the three primary roles that water plays in plants?
a.
b.
c.
3. What is an essential element?
4. What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients? Give examples of each.
Soil quality is a major determinant of plant distribution and growth
5. What is topsoil?
6. What is a horizon?
7. List 3 factors that affect soil quality.
a.
b.
c.
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8. Explain cation exchange and how it helps the plant.
9. How long does it take to make soil?
10. State how these factors contribute to soil production and/or destruction.
a. Fertilizers –
b. Irrigation –
c. Erosion –
d. Soil reclamation -
Nitrogen is often the mineral that has the greatest effect on plant growth *important concept*
11. Why can’t plants use nitrogen from the air?
12. What forms of nitrogen can plants use?
13. Describe the process of nitrogen fixation by nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Plant nutritional adaptations often involve relationships with other organisms *important concept*
14. Describe the symbiotic relationship between legumes and Rhizobium.
15. How do farmers exploit this symbiotic relationship?
16. Describe the symbiotic relationship called mycorrhizae.
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17. What are epiphytes?
18. Give 2 examples of parasitic plants.
a.
b.
19. Why are some plants carnivorous?
20. Give 2 examples of carnivorous plants.
a.
b.
Chapter 38
Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
Pollination enables gametes to come together within a flower
1. List 4 characteristics that are unique among the angiosperms.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. Use the following terms in a meaningful sentence (or two) OR state what they do OR make a
drawing that shows what they do: stamen, anther, filament, carpel (pistil), stigma, style, and
ovary.
3. Define the following terms and give an example of each:
a. Monoecious –
b. Dioecious –
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4. Describe the process of male gametophyte development from microsporangium  growth of the
pollen tube.
5. An immature male gametophyte is also called a __________________________. It consists of
____________________, _______________________, and _____________________.
6. Describe the process of female gametophyte development from megasporangium  formation
of the embryo sac.
7. The embryo sac is also called the female _____________________.
8. Draw and label an embryo sac. For each part include their functions. These parts include: egg,
synergids, polar nuclei, and antipodal cells.
9. What is the great advantage of sexual reproduction?
10. Some plants can “self”. What does that mean and how is this advantageous?
11. Many angiosperm species have methods to prevent “selfing”. List three of them.
a.
b.
c.
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After fertilization, ovules develop into seeds and ovaries into fruits
12. Briefly describe double fertilization and its products.
13. Ovules
a. Ovules develop into __________________________________.
b. What are ovules?
14. Ovaries
a. Ovaries develop into _________________________________.
b. What are ovaries?
15. Are seeds sugar sources or sugar sinks? Why?
16. Give 2 examples of endosperm that humans consume.
a.
b.
17. List the main structures of a seed.
18. Based on your knowledge of plants, classify each of the following into: fruit, stem, root, or leaves.
a. Apple
fruit, stem, root, or leaves
b. Sweet potatoes fruit, stem, root, or leaves
c. Tomatoes
fruit, stem, root, or leaves
d. Irish potatoes
fruit, stem, root, or leaves
e. Zucchini
fruit, stem, root, or leaves
19. What is seed dormancy?
20. Why would does seed dormancy exist?
21. Name 2 conditions that break dormancy in different types of seeds.
a.
b.
Many flowering plants clone themselves by asexual reproduction
22. What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?
a.
b.
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23. What is plant asexual reproduction called?
24. What are two specific examples of sexual reproduction in plants?
a.
b.
25. List two reasons why asexual reproduction is “easier” for plants than for most animals.
a.
b.
26. For each type of asexual reproduction listed below, explain how it occurs and give an example of
a plant species that can reproduce in this fashion.
a. Fragmentation –
b. Apomixis –
27. What are transgenic (or GM) organisms?
Plant biotechnology is transforming agriculture
28. What is artificial selection?
29. Give an example of a crop that was developed via artificial selection.
30. Give two examples of crops that were genetically modified to help feed the world.
a.
b.
31. List the three areas of concern regarding the use of transgenic crops.
a.
b.
c.
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Chapter 39
Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
Signal-transduction pathways link signal reception to response
1. Explain why a potato that sprouts shoots in a dark cupboard has a very different phenotype
(etiolation) than one that sprouts shoots in a well-lit environment (de-etiolation).
2. Briefly describe the three steps of the signal-transduction pathway (believe it or not, you have
seen this before). Relate each step to the de-etiolation potato example (above).
a.
Reception:
b.
Transduction:
i. Second Messenger
ii. Protein kinases and phosphorylation
c.
Response
i. Transcriptional Regulation
ii. Post-translational modification of proteins
iii. De-Etiolation (“Greening”) proteins
Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli
3. What is a hormone?
4. What is a tropism?
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5. Explain how phototropism occurs (include the hormone involved and the plant responses to the
hormone).
6. Get information from Table 39.1 on page 794
An Overview of Plant Hormones
Hormone
Where produced or
found in plant
Major functions
Auxin
Cytokinins
Gibberelins
Brassinosteroids
Abscisic acid
Ethylene
7. Auxin
a. What is their effect on plant cells (generally)?
b. Briefly describe how auxins appear to use proton pumps to alter a plant.
c. Give an example of how humans employ auxins.
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8. Cytokinins
a. What is their effect on plant cells (generally)?
b. Where are cytokinins produced?
c. How does the ratio of auxins and cytokinins affect plant cells?
d. How do cytokinins affect the aging of some plant organs?
e. Give an example of how humans employ cytokinins.
9. Gibberellins
a. Give an example of how humans employ gibberellins.
10. Brassinosteroids
a. What is leaf abscission?
11. Abscisic Acid (ABA)
a. How is abscisic acid related to drought tolerance?
12. Ethylene
a. Briefly describe how ethylene is involved in the following:
i. Response to mechanical stress –
ii. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) –
iii. Leaf abscission –
iv. Fruit ripening –
b. Give an example of how and why humans manipulate ethylene.
Responses to light are critical for plant success
13. What is a circadian rhythm?
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14. What evidence supports the idea that plants have internal circadian rhythms and are not just
responding to external cues?
15. What stimulus seems to “set” the biological clock?
16. What is photoperiodism?
17. Why is it more accurate to speak about night length rather than day length?
18. Why do we think there is a flowering hormone?
Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light
19. Explain gravitropism.
20. Roots display ____________________ gravitropism.
21. Shoots display ___________________ gravitropism.
22. Explain thigmotropism (tree-huggers unite!).
23. Give an example of a plant displaying thigmotropism.
24. Environmental stresses: For each of the following state why it is harmful to the plant and give
examples of how the plant responds the stressors:
a. Drought b. Flooding –
c. Salt Stress –
d. Heat Stress –
e. Cold Stress –
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Plants defend themselves against herbivores and pathogens
25. Give four examples of how plants defend themselves against herbivores.
a.
b.
c.
d.
26. Briefly describe one method plants use to defend themselves against pathogens.
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Unit 6 Summary
Unifying Themes
Give examples of how these themes were demonstrated
in this unit.
Science as a Process
Evolution
Energy Transfer
Continuity and Change
Relationship of
Structure and Function
Regulation
Interdependence in
Nature
Science, Technology,
and Society
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