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Exploration Take your time and try to draw a freehand map of the world. Do you think it's pretty close? Is the scale right - too big, too small? If this was the 1490s, do you think you could get others to go along exploring with you, based on your map? The Expansion of Western Europe Motives for Exploration Trade and the desire for wealth. Trade was controlled by Venetian and Muslim traders. European countries wanted to avoid the Italians and Muslims. Other Europeans wanted to bypass them to get to the silk, spices, and other luxury items in Asia. Religious Motives Christianity is a missionary religion. With Europe Christianized, they wanted to spread the Gospel to the rest of the world. Gold, Glory, and God There were other motives including: riches and money, glory, and God. Plus, there was the adventure of it all. Technological Advances There were advances in ship construction (bigger, faster, and sturdier) and there were new navigation aids. Now, there was a new compass (in the 1300s they used a magnetized needle floating on a straw in a bucket of water). The astrolabe was used to determine latitude; longitude was less accurate. Knowledge of Geography In the 15th Century maps were still crude and inaccurate. Early explorers like Marco Polo added to geographic knowledge, but it was still limited. By this time, most people knew the earth was round - they just didn't know that the Americas existed. Portugal Prince Henry the Navigator explored Africa and some of the Atlantic Islands (the Azores, the Madeiras, and the Cape Verde Islands). The Portuguese in Africa profited from the slave trade, gold, ivory, ebony, and exotic animals and birds. These profits distracted them from further exploration for awhile. Portuguese Explorers Diaz (1487 - 1488) Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope. A storm at the bottom of Africa caught them and twirled them around to the East coast of Africa. When the storm was over, and the men saw that land was to the other side of them, they thought they had been thrown to another planet. De Gama (1497) De Gama made it to India and returned to Lisbon with his ship full of goods. Cabral (1500) Cabral set out for India, but instead, he reached the coast of Brazil. The Portuguese explorers also reached China and Japan. Spain Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506) Columbus claimed land for Spain even though, if it was in the Indies, it belonged to the Great Khan of China. Christopher Columbus discovered America for Spain in 1492. Columbus thought that he could reach the Indies quicker if he sailed west. The islands that he first reached are still called the West Indies. Although Columbus returned to America three more times, he died believing that the land he had reached was Asia. Columbus made four voyages to the Americas. On his third voyage, he landed on the mainland of South America on the coast of Venezuela. The colony Columbus had founded on Hispanola on his second voyage rebelled. This revolt by the colonists put him in disgrace. He died without regaining his fortune or his prestige, but today his voyages are recognized as being among the most important events in history. The „Indians” that Columbus discovered smoked „tabac” in cigar-like things through their noses. Caribbean Indians were cannibals - once they ate a priest, but it made them sick, so they never ate religious people Christopher Columbus on Santa Maria in 1492. EMANUEL LEUTZE - 1855 Lines of Demarcation Lines of demarcation were drawn due to conflicting claims. Both Spain and Portugal assumed they had a right to divide up the "New World." The Papal Line of Demarcation In 1493 Pope Alexander VI, a Spaniard, established a line of demarcation in response to arguments over who could have what. Spain got all lands discovered and to be discovered west of Europe. He assigned Spain all newly discovered lands 100 leagues west of the Azores. East of the line belonged to Portugal - the Portuguese protested. Treaty of Tordesillas The Treaty of Tordesillas (tor-day-SEE-ahs). King John of Portugal threatened war and moved the line to 370 leagues (1,100 miles) west of the Azores. Portugal got Brazil. The Spanish Empire in America During the Early 16th-Century, Spain followed up on the discoveries of Columbus. Ponce de Leon Ponce de Leon discovered Florida in 1513. Balboa In 1513, Vasco de Balboa crossed Panama to the Pacific Ocean. Cortés Cortés conquered the Aztecs in Mexico, 1519 - 1521. Cortés was a typical conquistador; he was courageous, charming, and ruthless. Montezuma thought that the Spaniards were gods, or messengers from Quetzalcoatl. The Aztecs out-numbered the Spaniards. Cortés made his men burn their own ships so they wouldn't try to sail away. Cortés gave the Aztecs gifts so they would be friendly. And, Cortés found that conquering the Aztecs was easy. Spain had gunpowder, steel, and horses. The Aztecs thought the Spaniards might be gods and didn't want to harm them. The Aztecs were susceptible to European diseases (smallpox) that they had no immunity to. Aztecs were also cruel rulers, and the other Indians were happy to see them taken over. The Spanish were seen by them as liberators. Pizarro Pizarro conquered the Incas. In 1531 Pizarro got permission from Charles V to conquer the South American coast. In 1532 he met Inca ruler, Atahualpa, and took him prisoner. In the ensuing fight, 100s of Incas were killed, but not any Spanish. Ranson for Atahualpa was set at a roomful of gold. When it was delivered, the Spanish strangled Atahualpa. As the Spanish fought over the gold, Pizarro was killed. Coronado (From 1540 - 1542) Coronado explored what became the southwest United States, going as far north as Kansas. He took lots of pigs along, some got loose and evolved into big boars. Magellan Magellan was the first to circumnavigation of the globe. This removed any doubts about the world being round. Magellan's voyages showed that the world was much larger than originally thought. The Name, "America" Where Did It Come From? Amerigo Vespucci 1454 - 1512 Amerigo Vespucci (an Italian) was a map maker. During Christopher Columbus' voyages, Amerigo drew the maps. After Gutenberg's invention, the printing press, the vernacular was generally used - things were no longer printed in Latin. During the Renaissance, individualism was an important ideal. So, Amerigo Vespucci signed his map work as one would sign a piece of art. The New World was dubbed "America" due to the fact that the first maps, printed using the printing press and mass produced, attributed the name "Amerigo" to the new land. These maps were mass-produced. After printing, it was too late to change the name (to "Columbia"). Amerika a felfedezések előtt